221 Exam 2

Front 1

Ancient Roman architects advanced in particular __________ structural system.

Back 1

arcuated

Front 2

While Rome itself grew over time in an often haphazard way, other Roman towns and cities employed ______ layout.

Back 2

grid

Front 3

In contrast to suburban residences known as villas, houses of the wealthy Romans inside city walls are known as ___________.

Back 3

palaces

Front 4

The luxurious Roman houses often had _____________.

Back 4

fine wall paintings and mosaics

Front 5

Which of the following was included in the Imperial Forum begun by the Emperor Trajan?

Back 5

all of the above

Front 6

When using coffered ceilings, the Romans considered:

Back 6

construction process in concrete

Front 7

Greek and Roman roads were ____________.

Back 7

paved

Front 8

Which of the following was included in the Imperial Forum begun by the Emperor Trajan?

Back 8

a Roman library

Front 9

The Greek city, or _________, claims a special place in Western culture as the source of classical architecture and democratic urban design.

Back 9

polis

Front 10

The famous theater at Epidauros was designed by the architect Polykletos the Younger ________________.

Back 10

ca. 350 BCE

Front 11

The city of Pompeii was covered with some 20 ft (6m) of ash in the volcano eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE, yet it this catastrophe also preserved archaeological evidence of the Roman city. The excavated city Pompeii reveals ____________ city planning of Roman cities.

Back 11

orthogonal

Front 12

Suburban residences of ancient Romans known as _________, combined courts of the _______ type with gardens, orchards and landscape vistas.

Back 12

villas; domus

Front 13

The Etruscans had ________________.

Back 13

frontally oriented temples and mounded tombs

Front 14

Patrician family in the Roman Empire may have resided in a ________ or even an extra-urban villa.

Back 14

domus

Front 15

The Etruscan temples were similar to those by Greeks, EXCEPT that they had ________________.

Back 15

free standing architectural sculpture placed on the top of the roof instead within the triangular pediment

Front 16

Based on the Vitruvius’ book De architectura (On Architecture) from the 1st century BCE, we know that ancient Romans analyzed architecture in relation to its utilitas, firmitas and venustas, which refer to ________, ______, and ________.

Back 16

function, structure and beauty

Front 17

The city of Pompeii was covered with some 20 ft (6m) of ash in the volcano eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE, yet it this catastrophe also preserved archaeological evidence of the Roman city. The excavated city Pompeii reveals ____________ city planning of Roman cities.

Back 17

orthogonal

Front 18

Roman emperors devoted their architectural patronage primarily to ____________.

Back 18

public works and temples

Front 19

The _____________ in Roman city has similar functions like the agora in Greek city.

Back 19

forum

Front 20

The Romans advanced building techniques in ____________.

Back 20

brick and concrete

Front 21

The __________ at the top of the Pantheon dome, some 9 m (29 ft) in span, served both as the sole source of light and as a means of removing load at the structurally most critical point.

Back 21

oculus

Front 22

In addition to the normal meeting spaces and temples associated with a Roman forum, the Forum of Trajan included a series of commercial spaces known as __________. It features a 9 m hall spanned by a barrel vault with lateral groin vaults.

Back 22

the Markets of Trajan

Front 23

Jerusalem is a city that holds special cosmological meaning for the following religions EXCEPT:

Back 23

Hindus

Front 24

Which of these was NOT a major Chinese dynasty?

Back 24

?

Front 25

In a Chinese courtyard house, or _________, a visitor would follow an oblique path through the residence to protect the internal rules of behavior and allow the spatial sequences to unfold according to a protocol of ‘graduate privacy’ and ‘indirect access’.

Back 25

siheyuan

Front 26

In Constantinople Emperor Justinian constructed the Church Hagia Sophia built as a _______.

Back 26

domed basilica

Front 27

This model of a Chinese house confirms that _______

Back 27

the roof dominated Chinese buildings, giving them style

Front 28

The Arch of Constantine was built after the Battle on the Milvian Bridge in the city of __________.

Back 28

Rome (modern Italy)

Front 29

Dura Europos, a frontier fortress built around 300 B.C.E. and destroyed in 256 CE that served garrisons of the Roman Empire, is found in present-day ______________.

Back 29

Syria

Front 30

This image shows the famous Long (Great) Wall of China, built over prolonged period of time __________.

Back 30

ca. 200 BCE -1400 CE

Front 31

Since the first millennium, the bay or _______, served as a basic unit of architectural order in Chinese architecture.

Back 31

jian

Front 32

This image shows famous Hagia Sophia from Constantinople (modern Istanbul), built within 5 years between 532 and 537. The church was __________.

Back 32

the cathedral of Constantinople

Front 33

The model for the capital city in ancient China derived from a set of general rules that proposed a quadrangle with three gates on each side, three sets of triple avenues running straight from the gates, and the palace occupying a large enclave in the center. The model was known as the _______, or “ruler’s city.”

Back 33

wangcheng

Front 34

The ancient Pagans had religious services in ___________.

Back 34

?

Front 35

The followers of Judaism have religious services in ___________.

Back 35

synagogues

Front 36

This image shows the courtyard of a traditional Chinese house. Its design reflects ___________.

Back 36

Chinese system of philosophy based on teachings by Confucius and Lao Tzu

Front 37

The palace of this Roman emperor (r. 284–305) on the Dalmatian coast (near his birthplace) was organized like a military castrum and featured a monumental gabled porch supported by four colossal columns with an arch placed between the two central columns, creating a fastigium, which would be later used as a screen in Christian architecture as well.

Back 37

Diocletian

Front 38

Typical Chinese ___________, or siheyuan, was similar in design to houses in the Mediterranean area.

Back 38

courtyard house

Front 39

The builders of Hagia Sophia were trained as ___________, thus revealing how the Byzantines used the potentials of the interdisciplinary approach to architectural design.

Back 39

physicists and mathematicians

Front 40

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Byzantine churches from the early period ca. 6th century?

Back 40

plain interiors

Front 41

The primary function of the First Temple in Jerusalem, constructed during the rule of David and Solomon, was ___________.

Back 41

?

Front 42

Which of the following is a characteristic of Byzantine churches from the early period ca. 6th century?

Back 42

mosaic decoration

Front 43

In the Roman basilica, the ___________ is the largest central space, usually flanked by columns which separate it from the side aisles.

Back 43

?

Front 44

The model for the capital city in ancient China derived from a set of general rules that proposed a quadrangle with three gates on each side, three sets of triple avenues running straight from the gates, and the palace occupying a large enclave in the center. The model was known as the _______, or “ruler’s city.”

Back 44

wangcheng

Front 45

In Constantinople Emperor Justinian constructed the Church Hagia Sophia built as a _______.

Back 45

domed basilica

Front 46

Which of the following was part of the Old St. Peter’s Basilica?

Back 46

all of the above

Front 47

The principal religious focus of the Han capital of Chang’an was the _______. The layout of the temple focused on the cosmological role of the emperor as the conduit of divine grace. The square temple rose on a circular terrace surrounded by a square colonnade that in turn was enclosed by an outer circular platform and square moat.

Back 47

Mingtang Temple

Front 48

This ruler rebuilt the Second Temple in Jerusalem in a grand style, the vestiges of which can be observed in the huge ashlar blocks at the base of the Temple Mount known as the Western Wall.

Back 48

Herod

Front 49

Ancient Jews and Christians used ___________for burials and funerary ceremonies, not as places of worship.

Back 49

catacombs

Front 50

This image shows the sepulcher for Shi Huangdi's terra-cotta soldiers, ca. 210 BCE. The entire mausoleum, still not fully excavated, was _______________.

Back 50

modeled on Qin capital

Front 51

Although with many sacred influences, Chinese architecture and urban design have been primarily shaped by which major religion listed below?

Back 51

Confucianism

Front 52

This image shows the famous Long (Great) Wall of China, built as a _____________.

Back 52

series of fortifications

Front 53

Which of the following is a characteristic of Hagia Sophia?

Back 53

dome on pendentives

Front 54

This city was a major pilgrimage and ceremonial site in Mesoamerica with great pyramids, hundreds of platform temples, and yet had no ball court.

Back 54

Teotihuacán

Front 55

This example of underground burial and memorial chambers, known as _________, and named after Priscilla and Calixtus, can be compared with the ______________, a chamber for ceremonial immersion during the baptism at Dura Europos.

Back 55

catacomb; baptistery

Front 56

This image shows _________ from Monte Alban, Mexico, ca. 500-200 BCE.

Back 56

the ball court

Front 57

The primary function of the First Temple in Jerusalem, constructed during the rule of David and Solomon, was ___________.

Back 57

?

Front 58

The Arch of Constantine includes numerous recycled fragments from earlier buildings, including sculpted figures of Dacian slaves taken from Trajan’s forum. These fragments, taken from preexisting buildings, are known as _______.

Back 58

spolia

Front 59

Justinian’s Hagia Sophia was built by ________ and ________.

Back 59

?

Front 60

Justinian’s reconstruction of Hagia Sophia features a dome rising over the center of the structure on triangular concave spandrels known as _______.

Back 60

pendentives

Front 61

This image shows the Arch of Constantine, built in the 4th c in Rome. This triumphal arch ______________

Back 61

?

Front 62

Unlike the ancient Chinese, who constantly rebuilt their structures, the ________ added successive layers on them, resulting in platform temples and pyramids which are layered like the skin of an onion.

Back 62

Mesoamericans

Front 63

This image shows the interior of the catacomb in Rome from the 3rd century. The decoration confirms that this is ______.

Back 63

a Jewish burial space

Front 64

This image shows the courtyard of ______________.

Back 64

a siheyan house

Front 65

The ancient Pagans had religious services in ___________.

Back 65

temples

Front 66

This kind of giant heads made from solid block of stone were originally placed _______________.

Back 66

?

Front 67

The primary function of the First Temple in Jerusalem, constructed during the rule of David and Solomon, was ___________.

Back 67

to house the Ark of the Covenant.

Front 68

This image shows __________ from the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan ca. 200 CE

Back 68

talud-tablero

Front 69

In Late Antiquity people used ___________for burials and funerary ceremonies.

Back 69

catacombs

Front 70

This fresco from Dura Europos in Syria, 3rd c CE shows representation of architecture of ____________

Back 70

the Second Jewish Temple, built by King Herod

Front 71

This slide shows an architectural instalation known as _______ from the ________ in Dura Europos, Syria, ca. 3rd c CE.

Back 71

arcosolium; baptistery

Front 72

This image of the so-called Wailing Wall (Kotel) in Jerusalem shows the Jewish sacred site; it is ____________

Back 72

the segment of the retaining courtyard wall within the precinct of the now lost Jewish Temple

Front 73

This image shows superimposed photo-montage that highights how the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan can be related in size and form to the Great Pyramid of Khafre (Cheops) in Egypt even if the ancient Egyptians and Mesoamericans did not have any cultural contacts. Yet, the two pyramids differ in ____________.

Back 73

function, because the Pyramid of the Sun supported a temple, while the Pyramid of Khafre was a tomb.

Front 74

The central axis of Teotihuacán is a sunken, 50 m wide avenue, now called __________ that extended 6 kms in length.

Back 74

“Avenue of the Dead”

Front 75

This image shows the Arch of Constantine, built in the 4th c in Rome. This triumphal arch ______________

Back 75

shows elements of Roman imperial architecture.

Front 76

The palace of Roman emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) on the Dalmatian coast (near his birthplace) was organized like a military castrum and featured a monumental gabled porch supported by four colossal columns with an arch placed between the two central columns, creating a _______.

Back 76

fastigium

Front 77

Which of these was NOT a major Chinese dynasty?

Back 77

Zing

Front 78

The two surviving monumental Olmec centers at San Lorenzo and ________, featured giant stone heads and thrones.

Back 78

?

Front 79

The primary function of the First Temple in Jerusalem, constructed during the rule of David and Solomon, was ___________.

Back 79

to house the Ark of the Covenant.

Front 80

Rome’s first imperially sponsored church that was the first Roman Cathedral, employed the basilica meeting hall type to avoid typological associations with pagan temples. The name of the church is _______________.

Back 80

?

Front 81

Emperor Shi Huangdi, founder of the ______ dynasty, constructed the dynasty’s capital of Xianyang, which covered a greater area than Rome and may have had a larger population.

Back 81

Qin

Front 82

This kind of giant heads made from solid block of stone were originally placed _______________.

Back 82

on prominent locations of the Olmec ritual cities

Front 83

This image shows the Arch of Constantine, built in the 4th c in Rome. This triumphal arch ______________

Back 83

?

Front 84

This image shows the sepulcher for Shi Huangdi's ________________, ca. 210 BCE

Back 84

?

Front 85

Rome’s first imperially sponsored church that was the first Roman Cathedral, employed the basilica meeting hall type to avoid typological associations with pagan temples. The name of the church is _______________.

Back 85

?

Front 86

This image shows famous ___________, built in the 4th c in Rome.

Back 86

Arch of Constantine

Front 87

Rome’s first imperially sponsored church that was the first Roman Cathedral, employed the basilica meeting hall type to avoid typological associations with pagan temples. The name of the church is _______________.

Back 87

St. John’s in the Lateran

Front 88

This Byzantine-style mosaic comes from _____________.

Back 88

the Grat Mosque of Damascus, Syria, ca. 700.

Front 89

During Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture depended upon traditional Chinese philosophies of Confucianism and Daoism (Taoism), but it also received influences from other cultures, and above all from religion of ___________, which can be exemplified by the architecture of Foguang Monastery, built in 857 on the Sacred Mountain Wutai.

Back 89

Buddhism

Front 90

Leading initiatives to construct the Daminggong Palace in Chang’an, the Qianling imperial necropolis, and numerous Buddhist temples, __________ became the only woman to rule China using the masculine title of “emperor” and established her own dynasty, the Zhou.

Back 90

?

Front 91

With many rows of projecting eaves, the big and small Wild Goose Pagodas were built in _________, the long-lived Chinese capital that thrived during the Tang Dynasty.

Back 91

Chang’an

Front 92

The Great Mosque of Damascus contained which of the following architectural elements?

Back 92

?

Front 93

Nested within the sacred mountain of Wutai, _________________________.

Back 93

this Foguang Buddhist Monastery, was built ca. 850s in China

Front 94

This delicate stone carving from the enclosure wall of the Palace of Mshatta in Jordan reveals that _____________.

Back 94

Umayyad palaces could have had figurative decoration because they were non-religious structures

Front 95

Decoration on Islamic architecture, similarly to Islamic art, is particularly known for:

Back 95

all of the above

Front 96

This is a famous __________ built in Zgaozhou, China, ca. 600. The ingenious solution reveals how its designer by using arch spandrels ________________.

Back 96

golden mosaics depicting idealized forms of architecture

Front 97

This image shows steep cobelled vaulting which established a spatial unit and is _____________.

Back 97

unique to Maya architecture

Front 98

The Great Mosque of Damascus included a monumental entry portal that opened onto a central nave leading to the mihrab. A screened area to the right of the mihrab reserved for the Muslim rulers, called the _________, was done in a similar manner to the screened areas in palatine churches that separated Byzantine emperors from the congregation.

Back 98

?

Front 99

Muslim pilgrims practice their pilgrimage, or ___________, by visiting the Kaaba, a sacred site in Mecca where a black-veiled cube surrounds a stone attributed to the Prophet Muhammad.

Back 99

hajj

Front 100

This year marks the beginning of the Islamic religion and is the first day in the Islamic calendar, when Muhammad establishes a Muslim colony at Medina, and remains one of the crucial turning points for the Islamic religion.

Back 100

622 C.E.

Front 101

This image shows ________________, and demonstrates traditional Japanese concept of longevity of architecture and ritual rebuilding and care for the environment.

Back 101

the imperial Shinto shrine complex

Front 102

Nested within the sacred mountain of Wutai, _________________________.

Back 102

this Foguang Buddhist Monastery, was built ca. 850s in China

Front 103

The basic design of a mosque derived from what building prototype?

Back 103

Prophet Muhammad’s home

Front 104

With many rows of projecting eaves, the big and small Wild Goose Pagodas were built in _________, the long-lived Chinese capital that thrived during the Tang Dynasty.

Back 104

chang' an

Front 105

Mecca had long been a major cult site for the nomadic tribes of Arabia. Religious pilgrims were attracted to a cubical house containing idols, called the ________. After Muhammad’s conquest of Mecca, this shrine became the focus of Muslim prayers and represents the unity of the faithful.

Back 105

Kaaba

Front 106

The followers of Islam have religious services in ___________.

Back 106

mosques

Front 107

Which of the following features characterize the urban pattern of Maya cities?

Back 107

All of the above.

Front 108

The prayer niche in Islamic places of worship is known as __________.

Back 108

mihrab

Front 109

The Chinese architect Yuwen Kai (555–612) produced the new plan of Chang’an. Conceived on the grid traditions of the __________ diagram, with three gates on the east, south, and west; the city was more than three times the area of ancient Rome.

Back 109

wangcheng

Front 110

Which of the following is NOT included in the decorative program of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem?

Back 110

sculpture of Prophet Muhammad

Front 111

One of the largest Maya cities __________ has numerous buildings done in various architectural styles, hence suggesting that the city was cosmopolitan.

Back 111

chchen itza

Front 112

The wall of the prayer hall that is closest to Mecca is called the __________ wall.

Back 112

qibla

Front 113

The Great Mosque of Damascus included a monumental entry portal that opened onto a central nave leading to the mihrab. A screened area to the right of the mihrab reserved for the Muslim rulers, called the _________, was done in a similar manner to the screened areas in palatine churches that separated Byzantine emperors from the congregation.

Back 113

?

Front 114

This is a famous __________ built in Zgaozhou, China, ca. 600. The ingenious solution reveals how its designer by using arch spandrels ________________.

Back 114

segmental arch bridge; allowed structure to be lighter in weight and let through floodwaters.

Front 115

Typical Umayyad mosques were built as the so-called __________ type of mosques.

Back 115

hypostyle

Front 116

In its early years, Islam interacted heavily with Judaism and Christianity. For instance, the Great Mosque of Damascus is also home to which noted Christian relic?

Back 116

the head of John the Baptist

Front 117

Nested within the sacred mountain of Wutai, _________________________.

Back 117

this Foguang Buddhist Monastery, was built ca. 850s in China

Front 118

A layered wooden structure that protected the stupa memorial for a relic or act of the Buddha, known as _____________, was a type of building that had its origins in Nepal but became the most distinctive building type of Chinese Buddhism.

Back 118

pagoda

Front 119

The Great Mosque of Damascus is noted for being one of the earliest major mosques to include __________, large towers from which the call to prayer was projected.

Back 119

minarets

Front 120

The great ball court of Chchén Itzá, Mexico, ca 900 symbolizes _________________.

Back 120

the crack in the mountain of creation

Front 121

This kind of sophisticated bracketing system, often seen in Buddhist temples in China is known as ______________.

Back 121

dougong

Front 122

The Palace of Mshatta, one of the few early Islamic palatial structures surviving, is located in modern day _____________.

Back 122

Jordan

Front 123

This victorious ruler, or ajaw, Hasaw-Kan-K’awil built first tall Maya pyramids in ________ in modern day Guatemala. Temple I rises 48 meters, has nine levels, is accessed by a single flight of stairs that rises on a 70 degree pitch, and is crowned by a roof that extends ten meters above the upper chamber.

Back 123

Tikal

Front 124

The ___________ Shrine of the Sun-Goddess Ise in Japan has been rebuilt every twenty years since 792, hence also revealing how through ritual re-building of the shrine, each generation established itself by remaking its environment.

Back 124

Shinto

Front 125

This slide shows the famous 7-tiered _____________ built during the Tang dynasty.

Back 125

Great Wild Goose Pagoda