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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does erythromycin bind?
What other drug classes bind this? |
Binds ribosome (50S?); erythro = MARCOLIDE
Lincosamides Streptogramins |
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Name 4 drug classes that bind to ribosomes.
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-tetracyclines
-ketolides -chloramphenicol -macrolides |
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Name 4 classes of beta-lactams.
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-penicillins
-carbapenems -monobactams -cephalosporins |
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Aztreonam is not active against which 2 classes of bacteria?
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Gram poz
Anaerobes |
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Aminoglycosides are cidal or static?
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CIDAL
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Compared to erythromycin, newer _______ are (less/more) acid stable.
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newer marcolides, more stable
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The enzyme responsible for cross-linking peptigoglycans in bacterial cell walls is _________
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Transpeptidase
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In a patient with inflamed meninges, penicillin concentrations are (higher/lower) in the CSF than serum.
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HIGHER IN SERUM!
BBB (meningitis does allow some penetration) |
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The side chains of beta-lactam drugs affect _______ (4)
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half life
metabolism spectrum of activity bioavailability |
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PCN-G half-life is ______
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30 minutes
|
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Ceftriaxone half-life is ____
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8 hours
|
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Ertapenem half-life is ______
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4 hours
|
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__________ is a urinary antiseptic that produces formaldehyde in the bladder (sterilizing effect).
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Methanamine
|
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4 adverse events to PCN.
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Anaphylaxis
Hypersensitivity (Urticaria) Thrombocytopenia Seizures (increase with dose) |
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Name 3 categories of beta-lactam resistance.
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-β-lactamase (drug inactivation)
-Efflux pumps (pseudomonas) -Changing target (changing up the penicillin binding proteins) -Porins (drug uptake) |
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What does SPA stand for?
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-Source pathogen antibiotic – meaning, when possible use the targeted AB, NOT broad spectrum
|
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Name 3 aminoglycosides.
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-streptomycin
-tobramycin -amikacin -gentamycin -topical neomycin B (topical because it's nephrotoxic) |
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Name one oral and one intravenous first generation cephalosporin.
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-cephalexin (Keflex - oral)
-cefazoline (IV) |
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Telithromycin, a ketolide, causes what unique AE?
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-blurred vision
|
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T/F: β-lactamase inhibitors are the broadest spectrum antibiotics because they are active against
numerous bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains. |
FALSE
beta-lactamase inhibitors are not antibiotics; they inhibit beta-lactamases |
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Give two examples of beta-lactamase inhibitors.
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Clavulanic acid
Tazobactam |
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beta-lactam drugs act by __________
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inhibiting transpeptidase
|
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T/F: Newer macrolides are active against mycobacteria such as macrolide avium intracellulare.
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TRUE
|
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Class of antibiotic that binds to ribosome and is cidal.
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Aminoglycoside
|
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Marcolides are cidal/static.
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Static
|
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What drug, if used after expiration, causes Fanconi syndrome.
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Tetracycline
Fanconi Syndrome -disorder of the kidney tubes in which certain substances normally absorbed into the bloodstream by the kidneys are released into the urine instead. |
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What drug must be co-administered with imipenem? Why?
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Dihydropeptidase degrades imipenem!
Need to administer cilastatin to inhibit dihydropeptidase |
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The classes of β-lactams are classified by their ___________
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side rings
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Penicillins NOT hydrolyzed by staph aureus penicillinase are ___________
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Methicillin (IV)
Nafcillin (V) Clox (IV) Ox Diclox (PO) |
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Which penicillin is hepatically cleared (biliary excretion)?
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nafcillin
|
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What drugs have a disulfram-like effect?
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Cephalosporins with MTT side chain Metronizadole
|
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Which penicillins are effective agtainst pseudomonas?
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Pipercillin
Carbercillin Ticercillin |
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What third generation cephalosporins are NOT effective against p. aeruginosa?
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Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxome |
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What third generation cephalosporin is effective against p. aeruginosa?
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Ceftaxidine
Cefoperazone |
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What fourth generation cephalosporin is active against p. aeruginosa?
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Cefepime (only fourth generation!)
|
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Which gram positive organisms are NOT inhibited by cephalosporins?
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Listeria
Enterococci MRSA |
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Which has the longest half-life:
Imipenem Meropenem Ertapenem |
Ertapenem (4 hours)
Imipenem (1 hour) Ertapenem (1 hour) |
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Ertapenem is not active against which common nosocomial gram-negative rod?
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PSEUDOMONA aeruginosa (gram neg rod)
|
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What drugs are effective against pseudomona aeruginosa?
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Meropenem
Imipenem |
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Which antibiotic is deposited in teeth and bone in children under 7, resulting in permanent discoloration?
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Tetracycline
|
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Which antibiotic causes red man syndrome by stimulating release of histamine from mast cells?
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Vancomycin
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Sulfonamides are similar in structure to __________
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para amino benzoic acid (PABA)
|
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Which antibacterial agent is also a cationic detergent?
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Polymyxin
|
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Daptomycin is NOT indicated for the treatment of ______.
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Pneumonia
(Depolarizes cell membrane, active in test tubes, but not clinical studies) |
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What is the target of echinocandin anti-fungals?
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beta-glucan (inhibit synthesis in cell walls)
|
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What are the toxicities of aminoglycosides?
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Ototoxic (hearing/dizziness)
Nephrotoxic Neuromuscular blockade |
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Which class of antibiotics is synergistic against enterococci with beta-lactams?
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Aminoglycosides
|
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What 3 drugs are active agaisnt aspergillus?
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Caspofungin
Ampho B Voriconazole |
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T/F: P. aeruginosa is universally susceptible to ciprofloxacin.
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False:
1/4 resistant to cipro (used to be totally susceptible) |
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Which tetracycline causes vertigo?
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Minocycline
|
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Which antibiotics are a derivative of nalidixic acid?
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Quinolones:
Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Monifloxacin Norfloxacin Ofloxacin |
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Which antibiotic classes exhibit decreased bioavailability when administered with calcium?
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Tetracyclines
Quinolones |
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Which aminoglycoside exhibits activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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Streptomycin
|
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What is the mechanism of action of oxazolidonones?
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Inhibition of protein synthesis (oxazolidonones are a purely SYNTHETIC compound)
|
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Which antibiotic antagonizes penicillin?
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Tetracycline
|
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Which cephalosporin has the longest half-life?
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Ceftriaxone
|
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Which antibiotic is active against bacteroides fragilis, amoebas, and trichomonas?
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Metronixadole
|
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Which antibiotic is used to treat lower pole UTI but NOT pyelonephritis?
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Nitrofurantoin
|
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Which antibiotic has good prostate penetration?
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Trimethoprim (BACTRIM)
Quinolones for extra credit |
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Gray baby syndrome is caused by ________
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Chloramphenicol
Must be conjugated and infants don't do that well |
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What is the target of polyene antifungals?
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Ergosterol
|
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What is the target of azole antifungals?
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Ergosterol synthesis pathway
|
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Which polyene is given systemically?
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Ampho B
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Which polyene is given topically?
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Nystatin
|
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Caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulofungin are _______
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Echinocandins
|
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A common side effect of clavulanate is _________
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DIARRHEAAAAAA
|
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TMP/SMX should not be used for pharyngitis because ______
|
IT WON'T DO SHIT TO GROUP A STREP
|
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Which quinolones exhibit activity against streptococcus pneumoniae?
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MOXIfloxacin
LEVOfloxaxin |