11 Ap Bio Ch. 1-5

Front 1

Hydrolysis is a(n) __________ reaction.
a. functional group transfer
b. electron transfer
c. rearrangement
d. condensation
e. cleavage
f. both b and d

Back 1

e. cleavage

Front 2

________ is a simple sugar (monosaccharide).
a. glucose
b. sucrose
c. ribose
d. chitin
e. both a and b
f. both a and c

Back 2

f. both a and c (glucose and ribose)

Front 3

In unsaturated fats, fatty acid tails have one or more:
a. single covalent bonds
b. double covalent bonds

Back 3

b. double covalent bonds

Front 4

______ are to proteins as _____ are to nucleic acids.
a. sugars; lipids
b. sugars; proteins
c. amino acids; hydrogen bonds
d. amino acids; nucleotides

Back 4

d. amino acids; nucleotides

Front 5

A denatured protein or DNA molecule has lost its:
a. hydrogen bonds
b. shape
c. function
d. all of the above

Back 5

d. all of the above

Front 6

long sequence of amino acids

Back 6

protein

Front 7

the main energy carrier

Back 7

ATP

Front 8

glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate

Back 8

phospholipid

Front 9

two strands of nucleotides

Back 9

DNA

Front 10

one or more sugar monomers

Back 10

carbohydrate

Front 11

Define condensation reaction.

Back 11

through covalent bonding, two molecules combine to form a larger molecule

Front 12

Define hydrolysis.

Back 12

(type of cleavage reaction) a larger molecule is split by enzymes into two smaller molecules

Front 13

four fused-together carbon rings

Back 13

sterol

Front 14

butter, lard, vegetable oils, and other natural fats

Back 14

triglycerides

Front 15

Fatty acid tails are:
a. hydrophobic
b. hydrophilic

Back 15

a. hydrophobic

Front 16

amino acids joined by peptide bonds with enzymes

Back 16

polypetide chain

Front 17

breaking weak bonds of a protein or any other large molecule that disrupts its 3-dimensional shape

Back 17

denaturation

Front 18

sucrose is a(n):
a. monosaccharide
b. oligosaccharide
c. polysaccharide

Back 18

oligosaccharide (disaccharide)

Front 19

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Back 19

polysaccharides

Front 20

alcohol with long-chain fatty acid tails

Back 20

wax (repels water)

Front 21

five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base

Back 21

nucleic acid

Front 22

has glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, and a hydrophilic head with a phosphate group and another polar group

main materials of cell membranes

Back 22

phospholipids

Front 23

proposed the cell theory

Back 23

Theodor Schwann

Front 24

came up with the idea that all living cells come from preexisting living cells

Back 24

Rudolf Virchow

Front 25

maximum power of magnification of a light microscope

Back 25

2,000

Front 26

main function: packaging

Back 26

Golgi bodies

Front 27

main function: serves as the internal transportation system of a cell

Back 27

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 28

main function: disposal of hydrogen peroxide from the cell

Back 28

peroxisomes

Front 29

main function: primary cellular sites for the recapture of energy from carbohydrates

Back 29

mitochondria

Front 30

Starch is stored in ______.

Back 30

plastids

Front 31

fluid-filled sacs that may store food, ions, or water in cells

Back 31

vacuoles

Front 32

organelles that dramatically increase the surface area of a membrane

Back 32

vacuoles

Front 33

A "9+2" array refers to _______ and _______.

Back 33

microtubules and cilia

Front 34

main function: convert light energy to chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose or starch

Back 34

chloroplasts

Front 35

main function: synthesize subunits that will be assembled into two-part ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Back 35

nucleoli

Front 36

RNA carries out the genetic code translation process in association with ribosomes on this organelle.

Back 36

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 37

This organelle is involved in lipid production and protein transport.

Back 37

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 38

Adhesion proteins help cells of the same type:

Back 38

locate, stick together, and remain the proper tissues

Front 39

Communication proteins form:

Back 39

channels that match up across the membranes of two cells; they let signals and substances flow rapidly between their cytoplasm (e.g. gap junction proteins)

Front 40

Receptor proteins bind:

Back 40

extracellular substances, such as as hormones, that trigger changes in cell activities
-cause target cells to change their activities

Front 41

Passive transport proteins are channels that allow specific solutes to move through them without requiring any _______ input. The solute simply diffuses across the membrane, following _______________ gradients.

Back 41

energy
concentration/electric

Front 42

Integral proteins interact with ________ parts of the bilayer's phospholipids.

Back 42

hydrophobic

Front 43

Peripheral proteins are positioned at the membrane surface, not in the _________.

Back 43

bilayer

Front 44

When the net distribution of molecules is nearly uniform in 2 adjoining regions, we call this:

Back 44

dynamic equilibrium

Front 45

ATP-dependent transporters (active transporters) are known as:

Back 45

ATPase pumps
(e.g. calcium pump, sodium-potassium pump)

Front 46

__________ is the name for unassisted diffusion of a specific solute through a transport protein, DOWN its concentration gradient.

Back 46

passive transport

Front 47

In active transport, energy-driven protein motors help move a specific solute across the cell membrane __________ its concentration gradient.

Back 47

against

Front 48

Hypotonic solution is the one with _______ solutes.

fewer/more

Back 48

fewer

Front 49

Hypertonic solution is the one with _______ solutes.

fewer/more

Back 49

more

Front 50

Water tends to diffuse from ________ to ____________ fluids.

Back 50

hypotonic to hypertonic

Front 51

Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentrations, so water shows ______ net osmotic movement from one to the other.

Back 51

no

Front 52

What happens when any tissue fluid becomes drastically hypotonic?

Back 52

too much water diffuses into cells, and they burst

Front 53

What happens when fluid becomes too hypertonic?

Back 53

an outward diffusion of water shrivels them

Front 54

Phagocytosis is an active form of:

Back 54

endocytosis

Front 55

Explain phagocytosis.

Back 55

a cell engulfs microbes, particles, and cellular debris
-mediated by receptors

Front 56

Which organelle is not bound by a membrane?
A.Chloroplast
B.Ribosome
C.Mitochondrion
D.Vacuole
E.Lysosome

Back 56

B.Ribosome

Front 57

The sodium-potassium pump maintains which environment?
A.High potassium and low sodium concentrations inside the cell
B.Low potassium and low sodium concentrations inside the cell
C.Low potassium and high sodium concentrations inside the cell
D.High potassium and high sodium concentrations inside the cell
E.High potassium and high sodium concentrations outside the cell

Back 57

A.High potassium and low sodium concentrations inside the cell

Front 58

Which statement about cell membranes is true?
A.The polar portions of phospholipids in the membrane bilayer point to the interior of the membrane.
B.Some membranes have pores made of several protein molecules in order to allow passage of hydrophobic substances.
C.All membrane proteins extend only partway through the lipid bilayer.
D.Hydrophobic substances have an easier time passing through the membranes than do hydrophobic substances.
E.A cell membrane is a static matrix of lipids and proteins.

Back 58

B.Some membranes have pores made of several protein molecules in order to allow passage of hydrophobic substances.

Front 59

Microfilaments are commonly found in __________.
A.skeletal muscles
B.flagella
C.cilia
D.cytoplasm
E.All of the above

Back 59

E.All of the above

Front 60

Which cellular structures are not found in prokaryotes?
A.Ribosomes
B.Membrane-enclosed nuclei
C.Plasma membranes
D.Cytoplasm or cytosol
E.Both A and B

Back 60

B.Membrane-enclosed nuclei

Front 61

Which organic functional group is correctly named?
A.-CH3 = Ethyl
B.-NH2 = Amide
C.-COOH = Carboxyl
D.-OH = Oxide
E.All of the above

Back 61

C.-COOH = Carboxyl

Front 62

Which statement(s) about polysaccharides is(are) true?
I. They are extremely soluble in water.
II. They are composed of monosaccharide units.
III. They can be used for structural support.
A.I only
B.II only
C.III only
D.I and II only
E.II and III only

Back 62

E.II and III only

Front 63

A macromolecule is composed of smaller units called _________.
A.dimers
B.isotopes
C.monomers
D.polymers
E.isomers

Back 63

C.monomers