Key Concept 1.3 The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies
1. Civilizations are large societies with cities and powerful states. Defining characteristics of civilizations include: producing agricultural surpluses, specialization of labor, containing cities, complex institutions (political bureaucracies, armies, religious hierarchies), having clearly stratified social hierarchies, and organized long-distance trade.
2. As civilizations grew, and populations increased, competition for surplus resources (food), led to greater social stratification, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping.…