According to (Narayan et al,2000), Type 2 diabetes is a very common chronic illness suffered by 2.5 million people in UK. The concerning figures of diabetes are estimated to increase by 42% in industrialised countries and 170% in industrialising countries between 1995 and 2025 (Narayan et al,2000). In this essay I will be discussing about the the relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes, genetic susceptibility towards causing type 2 diabetes and effects of obesity on the functioning of different system. (Jeffrey, 2003) have discussed different factors such as, abdominal obesity, lifestyle factors, ethnicity, low birth weight and smoking that cause a person to be Type 2 diabetic.
WHO (2015) mentions that, body mass index is a technique (BMI) used to determine whether the individual is underweight, overweight or obese. The weight in kilogram is divided by height in meter square to measure the range of weight in adjusted for height as stated by WHO (2015). As presented by Whitmore (2010), BMI below 18.5 is underweight, BMI between 18.5 – 24.9 is normal, BMI between 25.0 – 29.9 is overweight and BMI 30.0 and above is obese. However, (Prentice M A et al, 2001) emphases that, its not the weight that is linked with the type 2 diabetes but instead its the excess body fat or adipose tissue that cause the problem. …show more content…
Therefore, obesity should be defined by an excess adipose tissue not the weight. Similarly, Rothman (2008) argues about various limitation of BMI technique, such as, the measurement does not differentiate the increase of muscle mass or fat mass which vary with different gender. Also, there are other factors to consider while measuring obesity because the relationship between percentage body fat and BMI varies with ethnicity Rothman (2008). In the other hand (Wei et al, 1997) states, obesity is one of the characteristic for type 2 diabetes but it is not only the clue we should be looking for because fat distribution are also important risk factors in causing type 2 diabetes. (Langin et al, 2009) states, body fat is divided into different section; subcutaneous fat making 80% of the section and 20% of visceral adipose tissue. Subcutaneous fat is found in between the dermis and the muscle; whereas, visceral adipose tissue is sits within the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. (Rande et al, 1963) states that the basis of portal hypothesis claims the central adiposity being the key characteristic to determine insulin resistance syndrome and metabolic syndrome; the theory underlines that increased visceral tissue cause rise in the change of free fatty acids and inhibits insulin action via Randle’s effect in insulin-sensitive tissue. Number of different studies (Carey et al 1997; Wei et al, 1997; Balkau et al, 2007) have indicated that the central obesity can be measured by waist circumference or wait-hip ratio. A waist circumference of > 94 cm for white and black men, > 90 cm for Asian men, and > 80 cm for white, black and Asian women are considered to be a risk factors for type 2 diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008). However, only few studies have shown the relation between waist circumference and type 2 diabetes as stated by Wei (1997). Whitmore (2010) mentions an estimate of 90% of people who suffer from diabetes are overweight, playing a significant role towards Type 2 diabetes. According to (Bays et al, 2004) visceral fats are related in producing excesses amount of adipocytokines causing inflammation and insulin resistance and under secretion of other insulin- sensitizing adipocytokines. Similarly (Weisberg et al, 2003) states that, due to obesity the functioning of metabolic and endocrine system of adipose tissue changes; increasing the release of fatty acids, hormone and pro-inflammatory molecules. Consequently, the elevation of lipolytic action of visceral fat cells and increasing amount of free fatty acids, interferes with insulin signalling causing hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance (Boden et al, 2002) and (Bays et al.,2004). Therefore, insulin resistance inhibits the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue affecting the blood glucose level as mentioned by (Dewan and Wilding, 2005). When it comes to discussing about any sorts of illness there has always been nature/nurture debate. Study carried out by (Abelson et al, 2004) blames changes in exposure to environmental factors, the types of
WHO (2015) mentions that, body mass index is a technique (BMI) used to determine whether the individual is underweight, overweight or obese. The weight in kilogram is divided by height in meter square to measure the range of weight in adjusted for height as stated by WHO (2015). As presented by Whitmore (2010), BMI below 18.5 is underweight, BMI between 18.5 – 24.9 is normal, BMI between 25.0 – 29.9 is overweight and BMI 30.0 and above is obese. However, (Prentice M A et al, 2001) emphases that, its not the weight that is linked with the type 2 diabetes but instead its the excess body fat or adipose tissue that cause the problem. …show more content…
Therefore, obesity should be defined by an excess adipose tissue not the weight. Similarly, Rothman (2008) argues about various limitation of BMI technique, such as, the measurement does not differentiate the increase of muscle mass or fat mass which vary with different gender. Also, there are other factors to consider while measuring obesity because the relationship between percentage body fat and BMI varies with ethnicity Rothman (2008). In the other hand (Wei et al, 1997) states, obesity is one of the characteristic for type 2 diabetes but it is not only the clue we should be looking for because fat distribution are also important risk factors in causing type 2 diabetes. (Langin et al, 2009) states, body fat is divided into different section; subcutaneous fat making 80% of the section and 20% of visceral adipose tissue. Subcutaneous fat is found in between the dermis and the muscle; whereas, visceral adipose tissue is sits within the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. (Rande et al, 1963) states that the basis of portal hypothesis claims the central adiposity being the key characteristic to determine insulin resistance syndrome and metabolic syndrome; the theory underlines that increased visceral tissue cause rise in the change of free fatty acids and inhibits insulin action via Randle’s effect in insulin-sensitive tissue. Number of different studies (Carey et al 1997; Wei et al, 1997; Balkau et al, 2007) have indicated that the central obesity can be measured by waist circumference or wait-hip ratio. A waist circumference of > 94 cm for white and black men, > 90 cm for Asian men, and > 80 cm for white, black and Asian women are considered to be a risk factors for type 2 diabetes (Diabetes UK, 2008). However, only few studies have shown the relation between waist circumference and type 2 diabetes as stated by Wei (1997). Whitmore (2010) mentions an estimate of 90% of people who suffer from diabetes are overweight, playing a significant role towards Type 2 diabetes. According to (Bays et al, 2004) visceral fats are related in producing excesses amount of adipocytokines causing inflammation and insulin resistance and under secretion of other insulin- sensitizing adipocytokines. Similarly (Weisberg et al, 2003) states that, due to obesity the functioning of metabolic and endocrine system of adipose tissue changes; increasing the release of fatty acids, hormone and pro-inflammatory molecules. Consequently, the elevation of lipolytic action of visceral fat cells and increasing amount of free fatty acids, interferes with insulin signalling causing hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance (Boden et al, 2002) and (Bays et al.,2004). Therefore, insulin resistance inhibits the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue affecting the blood glucose level as mentioned by (Dewan and Wilding, 2005). When it comes to discussing about any sorts of illness there has always been nature/nurture debate. Study carried out by (Abelson et al, 2004) blames changes in exposure to environmental factors, the types of