The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative phosphorylation [VII]
These processes are the last stages of cellular respiration.
NADH and FADH will be transferred into the mitochondria. Oxidation takes place here. The electrons are freed. The electrons will travel through a system of four protein complex structures, known as the Electron Transport Chain.
ATP are produced as a result of this transport chain as the electrons are the fuel that drive the oxidative phosphorylation. The presence of Phosphor binds to ADP to form ATP molecules.
ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria.
In order to make ATP, ironically energy is needed. That is where FADH2 and NADH play their parts. They are oxidised when they enter the protein …show more content…
The last stage is where the electrons are converted into a molecule of oxygen and then water.
While all this is going on, another process in simultaneously occurring in the ETC. Protons are transmitted out of the inner membrane to the cytosol of the cell.
A positive charge is accumulated in the inner membrane and a negative charge in the matrix is accumulated. An electrochemical gradient is developed which propels ATP production.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate to ADP. This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. A catalyst is present which is a proton translocating enzyme called ATP synthase.
The electrochemical gradient divides the inner membrane of the mitochondrion into a positive side (outside the membrane) and a negative side (inside the membrane). The electrons provide the negative charge.
The hydrogen (+) go back across the membrane with the help of the proton translocating enzyme. The continuous hydrogen ion flow means that the electrochemical gradient is maintained so there is energy available to fuel ATP production.
32 ATP is the final yield from just 1 molecule of …show more content…
The choice depends on the circumstances within the cell.
Aerobic (presence of oxygen) leads to the Citric cycle. Anaerobic (absence of oxygen) leads to homolactic fermentation.
There are two types of fermentation; alcoholic fermentation and homolactic fermentation.
NADH is vital to these two types of fermentation. NADH allows itself to be released into the mitochondria. It is here in which the NADH changes back to NAD as previously stated in the ETC section.
If oxygen is not present, NADH is turned into NAD by means of anaerobic mechanism (fermentation).
Alcoholic fermentation involves the NADH molecule being re-oxidised. Yeast convert the pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol (alcohol). The enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase’s function is to subtract the carbon dioxide from pyruvate to yield an acetaldehyde.
Therefore, NADH is mad into Acetaldehyde and then to NAD and ethanol. Enzyme is not present in the human body, occurs in yeast.
Homolactic Fermentation:
NADH is still in its reduced state. However, it is the reoxidised when the pyruvate molecule is formed at the last stage of
These processes are the last stages of cellular respiration.
NADH and FADH will be transferred into the mitochondria. Oxidation takes place here. The electrons are freed. The electrons will travel through a system of four protein complex structures, known as the Electron Transport Chain.
ATP are produced as a result of this transport chain as the electrons are the fuel that drive the oxidative phosphorylation. The presence of Phosphor binds to ADP to form ATP molecules.
ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria.
In order to make ATP, ironically energy is needed. That is where FADH2 and NADH play their parts. They are oxidised when they enter the protein …show more content…
The last stage is where the electrons are converted into a molecule of oxygen and then water.
While all this is going on, another process in simultaneously occurring in the ETC. Protons are transmitted out of the inner membrane to the cytosol of the cell.
A positive charge is accumulated in the inner membrane and a negative charge in the matrix is accumulated. An electrochemical gradient is developed which propels ATP production.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate to ADP. This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. A catalyst is present which is a proton translocating enzyme called ATP synthase.
The electrochemical gradient divides the inner membrane of the mitochondrion into a positive side (outside the membrane) and a negative side (inside the membrane). The electrons provide the negative charge.
The hydrogen (+) go back across the membrane with the help of the proton translocating enzyme. The continuous hydrogen ion flow means that the electrochemical gradient is maintained so there is energy available to fuel ATP production.
32 ATP is the final yield from just 1 molecule of …show more content…
The choice depends on the circumstances within the cell.
Aerobic (presence of oxygen) leads to the Citric cycle. Anaerobic (absence of oxygen) leads to homolactic fermentation.
There are two types of fermentation; alcoholic fermentation and homolactic fermentation.
NADH is vital to these two types of fermentation. NADH allows itself to be released into the mitochondria. It is here in which the NADH changes back to NAD as previously stated in the ETC section.
If oxygen is not present, NADH is turned into NAD by means of anaerobic mechanism (fermentation).
Alcoholic fermentation involves the NADH molecule being re-oxidised. Yeast convert the pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol (alcohol). The enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase’s function is to subtract the carbon dioxide from pyruvate to yield an acetaldehyde.
Therefore, NADH is mad into Acetaldehyde and then to NAD and ethanol. Enzyme is not present in the human body, occurs in yeast.
Homolactic Fermentation:
NADH is still in its reduced state. However, it is the reoxidised when the pyruvate molecule is formed at the last stage of