In the past, the education was not universalized. Many children did not have an opportunity to study at schools. The children would be asked to go working at early age. They did fishing, farming or trading. There was not much time between their childhood and adulthood, they all bared adult’s responsibility and acted like adult when they were still children. However, after World War II, the world underwent modernization. There was focus on human rights. The children labor laws were established. (Haenfler, 2013, P. 29) Children therefore no need to work when they were still young. They had more leisure time than they used to have. Meanwhile, the world underwent rapid industrialization. Many people gain much money than before. Besides, there was growth of television, film, music industry. (Haenfler, 2013, P. 7) And therefore they had more leisure time exploring subcultural activities. (Haenfler, 2013, P. 30) This led to emergence of …show more content…
In the past, one’s identity was often determined by his/her parents, communities or societies in which they were born. (Haenfler, 2013, P. 29) If a person was born in a families which earned a living by farming, he or she would probably did farming. After World War II, the world underwent modernization and there was increasing individualism and freedom. People were not limited by the families, societies anymore. They could change their jobs religions, homes, nationalities, husbands/wives, lifestyles, political ideas if they wished. (Bauman 2000)They were given freedom to invent themselves. They could construct their own lives, decided who they are, what they become. (Haenfler, 2013, P. 29)Therefore, some people started their identity work, did something special and different to make them distinguish from others while some people considered what they lack of and thus fought for what they lack inherently by having political events. This led to emergence of subcultures which are related to identity formation and also resistance to