As a scientific study, developmental psychology explores why and how human beings develop through every stage of their life including prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and aging (Daddis, 2010). The study focuses on aspects such as personality, motor skills, identity formation, cognitive development, emotional development, moral understanding, social change, language acquisition and self-concept (Keijsers & Poulin, 2013). This project will specifically address prenatal development, infant care, attachment, child development and adolescence and conduct literature reviews of articles about the five topics. Five journal articles will be used for the project; they include
(1) Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., & Szatmari, P. (2010). Motor coordination and emotional-behavioral problems in children in Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(4), 324-329; (2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). …show more content…
(2015) in Child development: Preschoolers (3-5 years of age) retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/preschoolers.html;
(3) Flaherty, S. (2010). A review of attachment theory in the context of adolescent parenting in Journal of Pediatric Healthcare, 25(2), 114-121;
(4) Keijsers, L., & Poulin, F. (2013). Developmental changes in parent–child communication throughout adolescence in Developmental Psychology, 49(12), 2301-230; and
(5) Hepach, R., Vaish, A., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Young children sympathize less in response to unjustified emotional distress in Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1132-1138.
The chosen principle of development to which the five topics will be applied is the beneficence and nonmaleficence principle and the key discussion will be based on Baltes set of principles that state development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextual and historical, and/or multidisciplinary.
Summary and Critical Evaluation According to Cairney, Veldhuizen and Szatmari (2010), children have the ability to evaluate the circumstances in which distress occurs and express their compassion accordingly. …show more content…
By exploring the attachment theory, they established their hypothesis that children who are not intimately and emotionally attached to their parents potentially develop behavioral problems. It follows, therefore, that for them to develop emotionally they must have meaningful relationships with their parents or guardians. The strength of their research was that they focused on a very specific age group of children between two and three years old. However, they did not carry out any primary research but conducted extensive literature review and that also served the purpose of respecting the right to privacy of the subjects of primary research. To adhere to ethical considerations, the authors only used articles that explicitly gave assurance that the participants were accorded their rights to privacy and safety. In accordance with the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence, the researchers sought to guard against political, personal, organizational, and social harm by avoiding primary studies and opting instead for literature review. In agreement with Cairney, Veldhuizen and Szatmari (2010), Hepach, Vaish and Tomasello (2013) note that children empathize and sympathize according to the social interactions they have with others. Hence, their development is a function of pro-social behaviors and social relationships. The strength of the article is that its research was conducted by the American Psychological Association, which is a credible institution in terms of its capacity to present credible findings. Their research question was designed to establish whether children sympathize similarly in response to both unjustified and justified emotional distress. They hypothesized that they sympathize less when responding to unjustified emotional stress. In the context of ethical considerations, the researchers obtained the consent the parents and guardians of the children who participated in the exercise. That consideration was in line with the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence that requires participants not to be exposed to any harm in the process of the study. Further, the principle also informed that researchers efforts towards ensuring that their actions and judgments are not in conflict with the purpose of their study. Addressing prenatal development, Flaherty (2010) opined that adolescent parents living in stressful conditions are likely to impact negatively on the development of their unborn children. Although the author’s approach is different because he focuses on parents, he contributes to the completeness of the topic because he addresses the issue of childhood development from a different perspective. Similar to the article by Cairney, Veldhuizen and Szatmari (2010), Flaherty (2010) hypothesized that children develop behavioral and developmental problems when they relate poorly with their parents. His research findings showed that when attachments are established early in life, children
(1) Cairney, J., Veldhuizen, S., & Szatmari, P. (2010). Motor coordination and emotional-behavioral problems in children in Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(4), 324-329; (2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). …show more content…
(2015) in Child development: Preschoolers (3-5 years of age) retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/preschoolers.html;
(3) Flaherty, S. (2010). A review of attachment theory in the context of adolescent parenting in Journal of Pediatric Healthcare, 25(2), 114-121;
(4) Keijsers, L., & Poulin, F. (2013). Developmental changes in parent–child communication throughout adolescence in Developmental Psychology, 49(12), 2301-230; and
(5) Hepach, R., Vaish, A., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Young children sympathize less in response to unjustified emotional distress in Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1132-1138.
The chosen principle of development to which the five topics will be applied is the beneficence and nonmaleficence principle and the key discussion will be based on Baltes set of principles that state development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, gains and losses, contextual and historical, and/or multidisciplinary.
Summary and Critical Evaluation According to Cairney, Veldhuizen and Szatmari (2010), children have the ability to evaluate the circumstances in which distress occurs and express their compassion accordingly. …show more content…
By exploring the attachment theory, they established their hypothesis that children who are not intimately and emotionally attached to their parents potentially develop behavioral problems. It follows, therefore, that for them to develop emotionally they must have meaningful relationships with their parents or guardians. The strength of their research was that they focused on a very specific age group of children between two and three years old. However, they did not carry out any primary research but conducted extensive literature review and that also served the purpose of respecting the right to privacy of the subjects of primary research. To adhere to ethical considerations, the authors only used articles that explicitly gave assurance that the participants were accorded their rights to privacy and safety. In accordance with the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence, the researchers sought to guard against political, personal, organizational, and social harm by avoiding primary studies and opting instead for literature review. In agreement with Cairney, Veldhuizen and Szatmari (2010), Hepach, Vaish and Tomasello (2013) note that children empathize and sympathize according to the social interactions they have with others. Hence, their development is a function of pro-social behaviors and social relationships. The strength of the article is that its research was conducted by the American Psychological Association, which is a credible institution in terms of its capacity to present credible findings. Their research question was designed to establish whether children sympathize similarly in response to both unjustified and justified emotional distress. They hypothesized that they sympathize less when responding to unjustified emotional stress. In the context of ethical considerations, the researchers obtained the consent the parents and guardians of the children who participated in the exercise. That consideration was in line with the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence that requires participants not to be exposed to any harm in the process of the study. Further, the principle also informed that researchers efforts towards ensuring that their actions and judgments are not in conflict with the purpose of their study. Addressing prenatal development, Flaherty (2010) opined that adolescent parents living in stressful conditions are likely to impact negatively on the development of their unborn children. Although the author’s approach is different because he focuses on parents, he contributes to the completeness of the topic because he addresses the issue of childhood development from a different perspective. Similar to the article by Cairney, Veldhuizen and Szatmari (2010), Flaherty (2010) hypothesized that children develop behavioral and developmental problems when they relate poorly with their parents. His research findings showed that when attachments are established early in life, children