Permissive Parenting Styles

Register to read the introduction… With an autocratic parenting style it is obvious that there is a parent and a child or one can look at it as an inferior and superior relationship. This has been found not to be as effective because there is no responsibility in these types of children. These children have no free choice in anything which can make it difficult for them especially when they are confronted with tough choices of their own. Permissive parenting is just as ineffective as autocratic parenting because of the children doing what they want when they want. There is no level of control and these children are also more inclined to experimenting with drugs, sex and alcohol. We will see later on in this paper factors that could lead to depression or depression could lead to this behavior. A democratic parenting style was suggested as the most ideal for psychological adjustment because behavioral compliance and psychological autonomy are viewed as interdependent objectives (Gfroerer, Kern, & Curlette, 2004). Authoritative parenting, marked by patterns of warmth, non-punitive discipline, and consistency, was found to be associated with the presence of several adaptive behaviors in children, in comparison to authoritarian styles, marked by patterns of low warmth, harsh discipline, and inconsistency, and permissive styles, discernible by low levels of supervision (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Authoritative parenting was found to relate to higher self-esteem and life-satisfaction and to lower depression. These findings are consistent with previous work on children suggesting a link between parenting practices and adjustment (Karavasilis et al., 2003; Kauffman et al., 2000; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Parental work schedules and adolescent depression Studies of shift work (e.g. Presser 2003) typically distinguish between four main types: evening work (between two pm and midnight), night work (between nine pm and eight am), rotating shifts (i.e. alternating shifts but on a fixed schedule) and irregular hours (i.e. some evening or night hours but not on a fixed schedule). Shift work sets more challenges to people than do fixed hours, because of the lack of routine. Routine is a fundamental block in society and where there is a lack of routine there is more often than not a problem that follows. This is true for all people and even more so for parents with children. Parents with children have to juggle their own lives which consists of work, social and home life. Apart from this they also have to make time to ensure that their children’s lives are in order. A difficult job even for parents with fixed hours and a good routine. Even more so for parents with shift work jobs. Relationships between children and parents with shift work takes heavy strain because of the fact that they don’t always see each other. Work dictates the parent’s day- to- day routine and they have to adjust to it. Not only the parent’s but the children as well. This week they get to spend dinner together next week breakfast. This is very disruptive and sets the tone to a disruptive environment that can jeopardize the needs of the child. This in turn could put the child at risk for the development of depression. Parental shift work exacerbates parents’ own difficulties in making them less available, disrupts …show more content…
A connection between parents and their children is a protective factor against a number of undesirable outcomes for children (Roth and Brooks-Gunn 2000).
Previous studies have found that adolescents with close relationships to their parents had lower levels of depression (Ge et al 1996) and that closeness to parents mediated the effects of stressful life events and the development of depression (Dmitrieva et al 2004). Further study has also shown that contact between parents and children is protective against negative psychosocial outcomes.

Thus shift work could affect adolescents negatively if the relationship is negative or the routine is mismanaged, or positively if monitoring is good and sets a positive home environment or it could be neutral if there are both positive and negative effects. Han, W.J., & Miller, D.P.(2009)

Psychosocial distress, Substance abuse and sex

Blum et al’s13 model for understanding the vulnerability of adolescents to risk behavior. Vulnerability according to these authors is an interactive process between the social contexts in which a young person lives and a set of underlying personal factors that increase the likelihood of behaviors (eg, sexual behavior, violent behavior) that might lead to