2.3 What is Protocol?
Protocol is defined as a set of Rules which governs the communication to a network Between the Layers. In Order to establish a communication in a network Successfully, These are the Following
Example: File Transfer Protocol, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
2.4 What is a protocol data unit (PDU)?
Protocol Data Unit is the both the Data from Next Higher Communication layer and Total Control Information, in simple it the Combination of Bothe the Higher Layer and Information.
2.5 What is protocol architecture?
Protocol Architecture is the Structure of the Protocol which includes set of layered Protocols and functions in each and every layer and it will implement Communication Function
2.6 What is TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) consists two protocols. These are designed to provide low level support for Networking Transmission. It is also used generically to refer to a more comprehensive collection of protocols. It is developed by the U.S. Department of Defense and the Internet community. 2.7 What are some advantages to layering as seen in the TCP/IP architecture? • Layering decomposes the overall communications problem into a number of more manageable sub problems. • We can easily find out the Layer Structures. • Better Transmission • The Problem can find in which layer it is occurred is simple 2.8 What is a router? Router is a Device which acts like a bridge Between Networks. Hubs and Switches are devices that are used to create networks, these are used to send Packets between those networks. Other Functions of the Routers include Network address Translation (NAT), Assigning IP address to hosts using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Broadcasting Wi-Fi Signal. 2.9 Which version of IP is the most prevalent today? …show more content…
IPV4
2.10 Does all traffic running on the Internet use TCP?
No all the Traffic Running on the Internet will not use TCP. UDP adds no reliability, flow-control, or error-recovery functions to IP. So traffic running on the Internet More Use UDP than TCP
2.11 Compare the address space between IPv4 and IPv6. How many bits are used in Each?
In the IPV 4 the address space use 32 bits and in the IPV 6 totally 128 address bits are Used . but the IPV4 is the most Commonly used version because in the IPV4 it is relevant and faster processing and Compered to IPV 6 is less in cost . • IPv4 - 32 bits
• IPv6 - 128 bits
A. Briefly describe the following four technologies: circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay and ATM ?
1. Circuit Switching :
Circuit-switching is a network in which a physical path is obtained for and dedicated to a single connection between two end-points in the network for the duration of the connection. Voice phone service is circuit-switched Network. The telephone company reserves a specific physical path to the number you are calling for the duration of your call. During that time, no one else can use the physical lines involved. Diagram Source: Google 2. Packet Switching : Pocket switching divides messages into packets and sends each packet individually. The Internet is based on a packet-switching protocol, TCP/IP. It is the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet. Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network. This type of communication between sender and receiver is known as connectionless. Most traffic over the Internet uses packet switching and the Internet is basically a connectionless (wireless) network. Diagram Source: Google 3. Frame Relay : Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol. This protocol operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. Initially it was designed for use across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Now it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. it is an example of a packet-switched technology. Packet-switched networks enable end stations to dynamically share the network medium and the available bandwidth. The two techniques are used in packet-switching technology • Variable-length packets: These packets are used for more efficient and flexible data transfers. These packets are switched between the various segments in the network until the destination is reached. • Statistical multiplexing: Statistical multiplexing techniques control
Protocol is defined as a set of Rules which governs the communication to a network Between the Layers. In Order to establish a communication in a network Successfully, These are the Following
Example: File Transfer Protocol, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
2.4 What is a protocol data unit (PDU)?
Protocol Data Unit is the both the Data from Next Higher Communication layer and Total Control Information, in simple it the Combination of Bothe the Higher Layer and Information.
2.5 What is protocol architecture?
Protocol Architecture is the Structure of the Protocol which includes set of layered Protocols and functions in each and every layer and it will implement Communication Function
2.6 What is TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) consists two protocols. These are designed to provide low level support for Networking Transmission. It is also used generically to refer to a more comprehensive collection of protocols. It is developed by the U.S. Department of Defense and the Internet community. 2.7 What are some advantages to layering as seen in the TCP/IP architecture? • Layering decomposes the overall communications problem into a number of more manageable sub problems. • We can easily find out the Layer Structures. • Better Transmission • The Problem can find in which layer it is occurred is simple 2.8 What is a router? Router is a Device which acts like a bridge Between Networks. Hubs and Switches are devices that are used to create networks, these are used to send Packets between those networks. Other Functions of the Routers include Network address Translation (NAT), Assigning IP address to hosts using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Broadcasting Wi-Fi Signal. 2.9 Which version of IP is the most prevalent today? …show more content…
IPV4
2.10 Does all traffic running on the Internet use TCP?
No all the Traffic Running on the Internet will not use TCP. UDP adds no reliability, flow-control, or error-recovery functions to IP. So traffic running on the Internet More Use UDP than TCP
2.11 Compare the address space between IPv4 and IPv6. How many bits are used in Each?
In the IPV 4 the address space use 32 bits and in the IPV 6 totally 128 address bits are Used . but the IPV4 is the most Commonly used version because in the IPV4 it is relevant and faster processing and Compered to IPV 6 is less in cost . • IPv4 - 32 bits
• IPv6 - 128 bits
A. Briefly describe the following four technologies: circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay and ATM ?
1. Circuit Switching :
Circuit-switching is a network in which a physical path is obtained for and dedicated to a single connection between two end-points in the network for the duration of the connection. Voice phone service is circuit-switched Network. The telephone company reserves a specific physical path to the number you are calling for the duration of your call. During that time, no one else can use the physical lines involved. Diagram Source: Google 2. Packet Switching : Pocket switching divides messages into packets and sends each packet individually. The Internet is based on a packet-switching protocol, TCP/IP. It is the type of network in which relatively small units of data called packets are routed through a network based on the destination address contained within each packet. Breaking communication down into packets allows the same data path to be shared among many users in the network. This type of communication between sender and receiver is known as connectionless. Most traffic over the Internet uses packet switching and the Internet is basically a connectionless (wireless) network. Diagram Source: Google 3. Frame Relay : Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol. This protocol operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI reference model. Initially it was designed for use across Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces. Now it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well. it is an example of a packet-switched technology. Packet-switched networks enable end stations to dynamically share the network medium and the available bandwidth. The two techniques are used in packet-switching technology • Variable-length packets: These packets are used for more efficient and flexible data transfers. These packets are switched between the various segments in the network until the destination is reached. • Statistical multiplexing: Statistical multiplexing techniques control