Philosophy is a discipline that studies how one ought to live, as well as study reality, nature, existence, etc. However, there are a number of philosophers who propose differing sets of morals and have different ideas of living life to its fullest (Singer v. Mill). Kant proposes that moral actions are defined by the motivation of an action, and later on explains that moral actions are duties through reason, rather than inclination. This essay will explain the validity of Kant’s argument by first explaining Kant’s view on duty, then analyse his view of duty as an object of good will, which pertains to motivations without the slightest selfishness, then argue for moral duties motivated by duty instead of inclination based on reason. It is difficult…
In Chapter 5 Sandel introduces us to the philosopher Immanuel Kant. This chapter talks focuses on Kant’s view on motive such as: What is the Supreme principle of morality and what is human freedom? Kant believes that morality is based on universal law. Kant calls this act categorical imperative. The idea is that you should treat everyone how everyone would want to be treated.…
“Worse, being infertile is often not considered a “real medical problem” and insurance companies and governments are not sympathetic. The current options for infertile couples are painful, expensive, and heart-breaking,” (Smith 1). These couples have the choice of surrogacy, adopting, fostering, or have an egg…
His main point of argument was that reason cannot produce theoretical knowledge of something that cannot experience though our sense or understanding. In his writing Critique of Metaphysics, Kant argues that it is not possible to gain knowledge of something which we cannot experience through our sense because our sense have limits (Daniel Kolak 2006). According to Kant reason is something which requires explanation of everything and synthetic a priori truth is something which cannot be denied, such as “2+2=4” is synthetic a priori…
Over the past half-century, the prominence and relevance of human rights have permeated the social fabric of human culture. As a moral construct, human rights have become an important subject of international affairs and continue to operate as the theoretical framework in which the human condition is analyzed and debated throughout the modern world. In this essay, I will discuss the gradual progression of human rights within a non-linear historical framework that uses the 3-strand model discussed in class and is consistent with a Henkinian point of view. The concept of human rights, as fundamental and universal component of the human experience, has emerged throughout different periods of human history (Burgers, 447).…
In 1871, German philosopher Immanuel Kant published “The Critique of Pure Reason,” which is now considered as one of the most important works of philosophy in history. Kant explains in his publication that there are two types of knowledge: a priori and a posteriori. A priori knowledge is knowledge that is independent of all experience. One example of this is all bachelors are unmarried. No experience is necessary to prove that this statement is true.…
Out of the three main different schools of thought surrounding epistemology and how humans gain knowledge, Kant’s theory of transcendental idealism is the most reasonable. While both Hume and Descartes present good points, they take their ideas too much to the extreme. Hume’s extreme empiricism drives him into skepticism so harsh that it led to the conclusion that events do not really have a cause, since cause cannot be directly observed. This claim is problematic at numerous levels, mainly because this topples science’s credibility and rationality. Descartes, on the other hand, approaches epistemology from the point of rationalism.…
Moral philosophy tries to explain the difference between right and wrong so that people can make good decisions. However, finding out what makes an action right is not so easy. For this reason, several different theories have evolved while trying to explain this issue. One of those theories is deontology, or duty-defined morality. Probably the most famous and influential spokesman of this theory is Immanuel Kant.…
Liberal and Conservative Views of Immanuel Kant and Niccolo Machiavelli: The success of the governance of a state relies on leaders methods of gaining and retaining power while constructing society. Immanuel Kant’s ([1784] 2013) book Answer the Question: “What is Enlightenment?” sets the foundation of gaining and retaining power while constructing society around the process of enlightening subjects and eventually transferring political power. Niccolo Machiavelli’s ([1513] 2006)…
How is it that people are to follow through with something without considering the consequences? Immanuel Kant argues that we as people should not act for reasons because if we do, we will be self-contradicting ourselves. He believes that we are being morally irrelevant if we base are wrong doings or right doings with consequences before we choose to do the action. He believes we should be willing to accomplish our duties and tasks without worrying about the aftermath of an action. Kant believes it should be a requirement for us to obey the moral law because it is a noble thing to do.…
When I was younger, I remember watching television with my parents and seeing very sad faces, hearing sad music, and towards the bottom of the screen a 1-800 phone number. After the commercial I asked “why are they sad and skinny” my mom answered “ because they have no food” my dad added by saying “always eat all your food because theres someone else that is in need of the food you want to throw away.” At such young age I wanted to call the number, I wanted to help, I wanted to fix the problem. I know that I should help more because its 1 in every 9 people that go hungry everyday. How much can I really do for the world?…
Kant’s moral theory is based on the fact that one’s action should be governed by a maxim that follows the purity of the will; the idea that one’s actions should be based on a will that aligns with duty and not on the consequences of one’s actions. In the contrary, rule utilitarianism is based on the consequences of one’s actions and how it impacts the overall happiness of the individuals involved. The following paper focuses on the ideas of duty ethics and utilitarian ethics; and how these ideas can be implemented in the case of James Liang. Kant believes that an act is morally acceptable when such an act perfectly aligns with one’s duty. Furthermore, he believed that all rational beings are obligated by the demands of duty.…
“We could not prove freedom to be something actual in ourselves and in human nature. We saw merely that we must presuppose it if we want to think of a being as rational and as endowed with consciousness of its causality as regards actions” (Page 311). Immanuel Kant believed that freedom is a presupposition of morality. Kant was not concerned with the purity of your will for doing something, but rather with the derivation of moral principles from reason alone for example independently of experience. He focused on emphasized the importance of reason and the ration that comes with our moral principles.…
“Act so that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an ends and never as a means only” According to Kant, we should obey this categorical imperative because this itself proposes an end. In here he does not refer to the “end” as something you want to achieve or get, but as something why we act. To treat human being as ends rather than merely means means to to love my neighbor as myself has to be an end in itself and not a means to achieve what suits me better. Our ultimate goal should be the concern for humanity and not for personal interest or benefit.…
According to a German philosopher Immanuel Kant, “emotions are entirely distinct from reason and rationality. They do not yield knowledge” (Blum, 1980). Reason and emotion have been viewed as distinct entities of the human mind for a long time. with reason being accepted as the more consistent and objective way of knowing by a lot of people. The implication of the prescribed statement that reason can only work that emotions works so well is argumentative.…