Hemodialysis (HD) was initially called ‘extracorporeal dialysis’ because it is performed outside the human body (Agrawal et al.,2017). HD is a process in which solutes and fluid are removed from the patient's blood outside the body. After that the blood circulates through a dialyzer containing an artificial semipermeable membrane (Rojas,2017). After that, the dialysate solution, which consists of purified electrolytes and water, is pumped through the dialyzer counter-current to the blood flow on the other side of the semipermeable membrane. In extreme cases, systemic anticoagulation (heparin) is used to prevent hemodialysis circuit clotting (Manne et al., 2017). Dialysis membranes are categorized as conventional, high efficiency, and high flux. Conventional dialyzes, mostly made of cellulose acetate or cuperophane, have small holes that limit clearance of moderate to small
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(Geldine et al., 2017). Adequacy of HD might be evaluated by computerized calculation of urea kinetics, requiring measurement of the residual renal urea clearance, the rate of rising of urea concentration between dialysis sessions, and the reduction in urea concentration during dialysis (Ibrahim et al.,2017).
Finally, Patients living with ESRD under Hemodialysis experience physical, psychological, social, spiritual and economical concerns in their lives. The illness and hemodialysis can cause many health problems and sufferings, which need to be managed. However, ERSD and hemodialysis disrupt the daily life of patients, as well as causing loss of freedom and dependence on others. Many difficulties or health problems emerge and limit the patient's life. Mainly, the hemodialysis procedure do by nephrology nurses for this reason they need to understand this process.
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(Geldine et al., 2017). Adequacy of HD might be evaluated by computerized calculation of urea kinetics, requiring measurement of the residual renal urea clearance, the rate of rising of urea concentration between dialysis sessions, and the reduction in urea concentration during dialysis (Ibrahim et al.,2017).
Finally, Patients living with ESRD under Hemodialysis experience physical, psychological, social, spiritual and economical concerns in their lives. The illness and hemodialysis can cause many health problems and sufferings, which need to be managed. However, ERSD and hemodialysis disrupt the daily life of patients, as well as causing loss of freedom and dependence on others. Many difficulties or health problems emerge and limit the patient's life. Mainly, the hemodialysis procedure do by nephrology nurses for this reason they need to understand this process.
Vascular Access