The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the bonobo (Pan paniscus) are the two closest living relatives of humans. While, bonobos and chimpanzees are very similar to each other, they also differ in many significant ways. However, in some ways they resemble more closely to humans than to each other. For example, chimpanzee males are much more aggressive and violent, especially when competing for a mate or a rank within the group. This violence can be lethal. In their communities, male to male bonds are very important. On the opposite side, bonobo males are much more friendly and playful, and there is no evidence of lethal aggression among them. In their communities, mother to son and female to female bonds are very important. This reflects how bonobos are female dominant, while chimpanzees are male dominant. Purpose of this study was to examine evolutionary relationship between bonobo genome and chimpanzee and human genomes.
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Thus, they sequenced and assembled genome of a female bonobo named Ulindi. Then, they compared it to genomes of chimpanzees and humans. They found that bonobos and chimpanzees share 99.6% of DNA, and bonobos and humans share 98.7% of DNA, which is close to percent of DNA chimpanzees share with humans, which is also about 99%. Researchers compared genomes of two chimpanzees, bonobo, and human to test for number of shared derived alleles. They found no significant difference in number of shared derived alleles. This agrees with proposition that when Congo River formed around 2 million years ago, it created a gene flow barrier between bonobos and chimpanzees. Prior to this study, there was an estimate that less than 1% of the human genome is more closely related to either one of the genomes of two apes, than those two genomes are to each other. In order to test this, they used bonobo genome and a coalescent Markov model (HMM) approach. They found that 1.6% percent of the human genome is more closely related to bonobo genome than to chimpanzee genome. They, also, found that 1.7% of the human genome is more closely related to chimpanzee genome than to bonobo genome. Transposon are mobile genetic elements, small parts of DNA that are able to replicate and insert copies at random sites within same chromosome or another chromosome. After analyzing transposon integrations, they concluded that more than 3% of the human genome is more closely related to either of two apes than these are to each other. Also, later they found that there is 25% of human genes are either partially of more than partially more related to one of the two apes than the other. In another part of this study, differences in female and male population history with respect to reproductive success and migration rates were analyzed to better understand the evolution of social structure. They found that on average two females reproduce for each reproducing male. This helps better understand why males stay within groups they were born in, while females move to new groups upon maturation. They identified regions of genome were positively selected for in chimpanzees after their separation from bonobos. They used same test that was used in humans to identify selective sweeps since the separation from Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis. Of ten of the highest ranking regions, four of them are on chromosome 6, and two of those four are within the major histocompatibility
Thus, they sequenced and assembled genome of a female bonobo named Ulindi. Then, they compared it to genomes of chimpanzees and humans. They found that bonobos and chimpanzees share 99.6% of DNA, and bonobos and humans share 98.7% of DNA, which is close to percent of DNA chimpanzees share with humans, which is also about 99%. Researchers compared genomes of two chimpanzees, bonobo, and human to test for number of shared derived alleles. They found no significant difference in number of shared derived alleles. This agrees with proposition that when Congo River formed around 2 million years ago, it created a gene flow barrier between bonobos and chimpanzees. Prior to this study, there was an estimate that less than 1% of the human genome is more closely related to either one of the genomes of two apes, than those two genomes are to each other. In order to test this, they used bonobo genome and a coalescent Markov model (HMM) approach. They found that 1.6% percent of the human genome is more closely related to bonobo genome than to chimpanzee genome. They, also, found that 1.7% of the human genome is more closely related to chimpanzee genome than to bonobo genome. Transposon are mobile genetic elements, small parts of DNA that are able to replicate and insert copies at random sites within same chromosome or another chromosome. After analyzing transposon integrations, they concluded that more than 3% of the human genome is more closely related to either of two apes than these are to each other. Also, later they found that there is 25% of human genes are either partially of more than partially more related to one of the two apes than the other. In another part of this study, differences in female and male population history with respect to reproductive success and migration rates were analyzed to better understand the evolution of social structure. They found that on average two females reproduce for each reproducing male. This helps better understand why males stay within groups they were born in, while females move to new groups upon maturation. They identified regions of genome were positively selected for in chimpanzees after their separation from bonobos. They used same test that was used in humans to identify selective sweeps since the separation from Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis. Of ten of the highest ranking regions, four of them are on chromosome 6, and two of those four are within the major histocompatibility