Ethyl vinyl ether was used to protect –OH on glycidol based on a literature reported protocal.59 In a typical procedure, 0.675 mol glycidol and 200 mL ethyl vinyl ether were loaded in a round-bottom flask, to which 1.25 g TsOH was then added. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature (RT) for 3h. The resulting mixture was then purified by washing with 100 ml saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3 for 3 times. The organic layer obtained was dried by MgSO4. After filtration of MgSO4, the excess ethyl vinyl ether was removed by rotary evaporation.…
A possible chemical reason that this experiment yielded less than 100% cyclohexanone was due to the spontaneous decomposition of sodium hypochlorite, 2NaOCl = 2NaCl + O2, which decreased the amount of reactant present in the initial reaction when hypochlorous acid was formed, which was the oxidizing agent required to oxidize cyclohexanol into cyclohexanone. Sodium hypochlorite decomposed into O2 and NaCl due to a multitude of factors such as exposure to high temperatures, prolonged storage time or sunlight exposure. If a large enough quantity of the sodium hypochlorite was decomposed to limit the reaction that produced hypochlorous acid, the quantity of cyclohexanone produced may be affected. This would have resulted in a decrease in the production…
Sterols in plants are almost completely derived from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Acetyl-CoA is dimerized to acetoacetyl-CoA that then forms 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by a condensation reaction. HMG-CoA is reduced to mevalonic acid by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), a rate-limiting step in human isoprenoid biosynthesis. HMGR over-expression in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in increased levels of total sterols, indicating that HMGR is a limiting enzyme also in plant sterol biosynthesis (Schaller et al., 1995). The next step in sterol synthesis is to form squalene from mevalonic acid, and this is performend by a series of reactions where the final step is catalysed by the squalene synthase enzyme (SQS).…
Discussion: Spinacia oleracea like many other plants contains leaves which play a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis. The energy used to drive the chemical reactions within photosynthesis comes from the sunlight absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules (Merzlyak, Chivkunova, Zhigalova, & Naqvi 2009). These chlorophyll molecules then transfer the light energy to chloroplasts and that light energy is converted into chemical energy (Merzlyak, Chivkunova, Zhigalova, & Naqvi 2009).…
They are formed when an oxygen atom bound to an alkyl group replaces the hydroxyl group in the carboxylic acid. Esters can be formed through a process known as esterification, which starts with a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The carbonyl carbon in the carboxylic acid acts as an electrophile and the oxygen atom in the alcohol acts as a nucleophile. However, this nucleophile and electrophile are both too weak for the reaction to occur and adding heat fails to catalyze the reaction. One option would be to make the alcohol a stronger nucleophile by converting it to an oxide.…
On the other hand, the alcohol group has a hydroxyl group that is bonded to a R group. These R groups are actually alkyl groups that could be identical or different; designated by the prime symbols. To make an ester, the alcohol and carboxylic acid are heated together with an acid catalyst, sulfuric acid in our case. The hydroxyl group that is attached to the carboxylic acid and…
Discussion Table 1 demonstrates that when obtaining the percent recovery of isopentyl acetate, well over half was recovered. Based on the data obtained from Figure 1, isopentyl acetate was the only final product of the Fischer esterification reaction (aside from water) and the product was relatively pure. The IR spectrum shown in Figure 1 represents that all of the functional groups are made up of alkyl groups because none of the peaks on the spectrum exceed 3000. The reason that glacial acetic acid alcohol did not appear in the IR spectrum, is because the alcohol was completely consumed in the reaction. If the glacial acid were present in the spectrum, there would be peaks present between 3500 and 3200 representing oxygen bonded to hydrogen stretch.…
Abdullah Al-Suraie April, 5.2015 Class: A Mr. Washington Focus Problem: Does chewing gum help you concentrate more efficiently? Prelab: The independent variable is the gum, and the independent variable is the level of concentration. The control group used no gum.…
The purpose of this lab is to understand the characteristics of Esters and Amides. Esters (RCOOR') are usually derived from a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with an acid catalyst, H2SO4. It can be found in any everyday objects. Esters are responsible for aromas which is why esters are used in perfumes and flavorings. Different types of esters have different smell, so esters can be identified based on their aroma.1 Once they are identified, retrosynthesis analysis can be used to identify what alcohol is used.…
The purpose of this lab is to successfully generate a liquid ester product via the process of Fischer Esterification. The Fischer Esterification is a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to create an ester. The alcohol acts as a nucleophile while the carboxylic acid acts as the elctrophile. This reaction is an acid catalyzed equilibrium reaction. The synthesis is driven to completion by utilizing the Le Chatlier's principle.…
In this lab, we carried out a variety of reactions using different chemicals and metals. A chemical reaction is when the chemical state of the substance you are testing rearranges its ionic and molecular structure. One of the reactions we experienced was single replacement, this consists of one ion switching places with another ion to form a new compound. Another reaction we saw was double replacement. In this reaction, two compounds ions are switched to form two new compounds.…
The theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid in grams that should be obtained from the synthesis is 3.96 g. The closest experimental yield was obtained without using a catalyst for the reaction; with a yield of 3.67 g (93%) of crude acetylsalicylic acid and a yield of 3.39 g (86%) of recrystallized acetylsalicylic acid. These results are relatively accurate. Similar results were obtained for the experimental yield of the reaction catalysed by concentrated sodium hydroxide; with a yield of 3.38 g (85%) of crude acetylsalicylic acid and a yield of 3.04 g (77%) of recrystallized acetylsalicylic acid. The experimental yield for the reaction catalysed be concentrated sulphuric acid was relatively low; with a yield of 2.66 g (68%) of crude acetylsalicylic…
Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The general theory behind this experiment was to study the synthesis of a drug from organic materials. During the experiment, esterification had occurred between reactants salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Then, phosphoric acid would catalyze the reaction and water would be added to decompose the remaining acetic anhydride. Through the process of filtration, aspirin crystals were collected and separate from the liquid acetic acid-water solution.…
A transfer of a proton from one oxygen atom to another yields a second tetrahedral intermediate and converts the OH group into a good leaving group. Loss of a proton and expulsion of H2O regenerates the acid catalyst and gives the ester product. In the presence of H2SO4, NH2 forms a…
However there are other alternative way to enhance the production reaction which are the uses of catalyst or other acid base catalyst. The catalyst that use in this reaction is Sulphuric…