Essay On Jewish Women

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Scholars raised a host of questions about the political struggles over suffrage, social reform, and equal rights for both sexes, and they studied changing configurations of domesticity.1 At almost the same time, the field of American Jewish women's history emerged, marked by the appearance in 1976 of Charlotte Baum, Paula Hyman, and Sonya Michel's The Jewish Woman in America, and five years later by a special issue of American Jewish History entirely dedicated to women.2 Since that time there has been a flood of papers, articles, anthol- ogies, and books dealing with Jewish women's religious lives, their early feminism, their consumer activism and voluntarism, and their special ex- perience as immigrants.3 Moreover, most serious scholars in American Jewish history now include thoughtful, substantive considerations of gender, whatever the focus and thrust of their respective studies.

Though the
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Women as social and political activists, for example, appear in Faith Ro- gow's ''Gone to Another Meeting: The National Council of Jewish Women, 1893 1993''; Shelly Tenenbaum's ''Borrowers or Lenders Be: Jewish Immigrant Women's Credit Networks;'' Deborah Shultz's ''Going South: Jewish Women in the Civil Rights Movement''; and in two essays that were truly groundbreaking when they first appeared as articles in 1976 and 1980 respectively Alice Kessler-Harris's ''Organizing the Un- organizable: Three Jewish Women and Their Union''; and Paula Hy- man's ''Immigrant Women and Consumer Protest: The New York Kosher Meat Boycott of 1902.'' And some of the essays, like Jonathan Sarna's ''A Great Awakening: The Transformation that Shaped Twenti- eth Century American Judaism,'' Jenna Weissman Joselit's ''The Jewish Priestess and Ritual: The Sacred Life of American Orthodox Women,'' and Pamela Nadell's ''The Women Who Would Be Rabbis,'' form a bridge to Women and American Judaism by concentrating on challenge and adaptation in the religious life of Jewish women of all

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