Economic liberalization and globalization have introduced Indian society to the global market in which India has developed a transnational labour force in technology call centers and an increasing consumer market within major urban areas. Furthermore, through globalization India has experienced large-scale diasporic emigration to European, South East Asian, Middle Eastern, and North American countries.
Globalization has drastically altered manner in which labour is organized worldwide. This global labour market has created a new transnational labour force. Call centres in major Indian cities illustrate the proliferation of a transnational labour forces that developed due to globalization and economic liberalization. Call Centres provide person to person services to clients in primarily English speaking countries over the phone. These centers have revolutionized labour in metropolitan areas as workers employed in the call centers earn salaries far greater than in many other jobs that are local. This extends to women as well thus allowing for an economically autonomous younger generation of Indians working at these call centers. Furthermore, these centres have allowed for the development of a transnational industry within India that does not require transnational migration. Individuals working in the call centers are exposed to Western culture and values through their day to day interactions and through their learning and perfecting of the English language. The high volume of interactions with North Americans, Australians, and British expose these youth to over the phone racism. Transnational labour has extended racism experienced by Indians living in these English speaking countries to Indians working in call centres. The economic globalization of India has created a diverse transnational labour force who played important roles in relation to transnational and multinational corporations and Indian society (Mirchandani, 2004, 357). India’s economic liberalization was ushered in when the government was forced into the International Monetary Fund’s global economic liberalization regime. The urban middle-class in India boomed in the 1980s and developed in to a consumer class in Indian society. By the 1990s, consumption was a leading factor in economic growth. Furthermore, high social welfare had become commonplace as a result of the indulgent consumer culture. (Mazzarella, 2001: 168). India’s consumer culture was evident through the KamaSutra condom marketing campaign. KamaSutra …show more content…
However, it has also allowed for the diaspora of Indians to other countries. Diasporic migrations of Indians has been a continuous process since colonials times, however, there have been challenging periods of migration due to discriminatory anti-immigration laws. Since the liberalization of immigration in the 1970s and the increase in transnational migration as a result of globalization, there has been an influx of persons of Indian origin (PIOs) in North America and Britain. These PIOs have brought aspects of their culture to their new countries while adopting cultural aspects of that society. Nonetheless, it was food that was viewed as a ‘common cultural barometer’ that charted the expansion of Indian settlement as well as the responses from the white locals (Buettner, 2008: 875). For instance, Indians living in Britain experienced racial discrimination until over time Indian food dishes were accepted and even adopted as ‘British.’ Foreign foods of immigrants were accepted by the hegemonic white culture however this ‘boutique multiculturalism’ was not emblematic of acceptance of Indian culture or even of Indians in general (Buettner, 2008: 869). Therefore, globalization of ethnic food has developed a ‘celebratory multiculturalism’ of Indian culture in western
Globalization has drastically altered manner in which labour is organized worldwide. This global labour market has created a new transnational labour force. Call centres in major Indian cities illustrate the proliferation of a transnational labour forces that developed due to globalization and economic liberalization. Call Centres provide person to person services to clients in primarily English speaking countries over the phone. These centers have revolutionized labour in metropolitan areas as workers employed in the call centers earn salaries far greater than in many other jobs that are local. This extends to women as well thus allowing for an economically autonomous younger generation of Indians working at these call centers. Furthermore, these centres have allowed for the development of a transnational industry within India that does not require transnational migration. Individuals working in the call centers are exposed to Western culture and values through their day to day interactions and through their learning and perfecting of the English language. The high volume of interactions with North Americans, Australians, and British expose these youth to over the phone racism. Transnational labour has extended racism experienced by Indians living in these English speaking countries to Indians working in call centres. The economic globalization of India has created a diverse transnational labour force who played important roles in relation to transnational and multinational corporations and Indian society (Mirchandani, 2004, 357). India’s economic liberalization was ushered in when the government was forced into the International Monetary Fund’s global economic liberalization regime. The urban middle-class in India boomed in the 1980s and developed in to a consumer class in Indian society. By the 1990s, consumption was a leading factor in economic growth. Furthermore, high social welfare had become commonplace as a result of the indulgent consumer culture. (Mazzarella, 2001: 168). India’s consumer culture was evident through the KamaSutra condom marketing campaign. KamaSutra …show more content…
However, it has also allowed for the diaspora of Indians to other countries. Diasporic migrations of Indians has been a continuous process since colonials times, however, there have been challenging periods of migration due to discriminatory anti-immigration laws. Since the liberalization of immigration in the 1970s and the increase in transnational migration as a result of globalization, there has been an influx of persons of Indian origin (PIOs) in North America and Britain. These PIOs have brought aspects of their culture to their new countries while adopting cultural aspects of that society. Nonetheless, it was food that was viewed as a ‘common cultural barometer’ that charted the expansion of Indian settlement as well as the responses from the white locals (Buettner, 2008: 875). For instance, Indians living in Britain experienced racial discrimination until over time Indian food dishes were accepted and even adopted as ‘British.’ Foreign foods of immigrants were accepted by the hegemonic white culture however this ‘boutique multiculturalism’ was not emblematic of acceptance of Indian culture or even of Indians in general (Buettner, 2008: 869). Therefore, globalization of ethnic food has developed a ‘celebratory multiculturalism’ of Indian culture in western