a. Denotational Variations
According to Edmonds and Hirst, denotational variations is one of the variation that differ near-synonym words. Denotational variation itself is the differences in the idea such as the figure above where enemy and foe differ in emphasis. Gove mentions that enemy conveys about antagonism while foe stresses about active warfare rather than inner reaction (as cited in Edmonds & Hirst, 2002, p. 110)
b. Stylistic Variations
Generally, stylistic variations only covering a small set of scale where words can be compared. It varies into two scale of the most common area, formal and informal. Based on the figure 2, whereas between inebriated and pissed differ in the formality since pissed is more suitable in informal and inebriated …show more content…
Expressive Variations
In brief, expressive variations are the differences of what speaker meant whether it is a good thing or bad thing or even neutral. From the figure 2, expressive variations list skinny, thin, slim, and slender within expressed attitude. Skinny is often used where the speaker wants to denounce someone. Then, either slim or slender could be used when the speaker would like to utter some compliments and using thin if the speaker would like to be neutral (Edmonds and Hirst, 2002, p. 110).
Furthermore, expressive variations also list emotive as one of the example. Edmonds and Hirst (2002) explains that emotive is an indirect expression by the speaker, such as from the figure above, between daddy and dad or father. The expression daddy implies a greater fondness rather than dad or father (p. 110).
d. Structural Variations
In this category, Edmonds and Hirst (2002) reflect that collocational, syntactic and selectional restrictions are common to be studied within the area of lexical choice in literature. Hence, there is not much to be explained (p. …show more content…
COCA is created by Mark Davies of Brigham Young University. It is the largest freely-available corpus of English that can be accessed via internet. The data within the corpus are from 1995 until 2015 and still updated frequently every year.
4. Data Collection
The data for this research is collected from the search of each pair of near-synonyms that has been mentioned in scope and limitation of this research. Then, the searches will yield researcher concordance lines for each node that will be analyzed later on by the researcher. From that concordance lines, researcher will choose 100 samples feature in COCA and selecting the first 30 lines to be analyzed then researcher will repeat the previous steps until there is nothing new to be analyzed.
5. Data Analysis
First of all, after researcher does the search according to the data collection, researcher will do the analysis by using Sinclair’s theory of analyzing concordance lines. Afterwards, the data will be used to find out about the first research questions to find out the usage of each pair of near-synonym words compared to the definitions for each word according to online
According to Edmonds and Hirst, denotational variations is one of the variation that differ near-synonym words. Denotational variation itself is the differences in the idea such as the figure above where enemy and foe differ in emphasis. Gove mentions that enemy conveys about antagonism while foe stresses about active warfare rather than inner reaction (as cited in Edmonds & Hirst, 2002, p. 110)
b. Stylistic Variations
Generally, stylistic variations only covering a small set of scale where words can be compared. It varies into two scale of the most common area, formal and informal. Based on the figure 2, whereas between inebriated and pissed differ in the formality since pissed is more suitable in informal and inebriated …show more content…
Expressive Variations
In brief, expressive variations are the differences of what speaker meant whether it is a good thing or bad thing or even neutral. From the figure 2, expressive variations list skinny, thin, slim, and slender within expressed attitude. Skinny is often used where the speaker wants to denounce someone. Then, either slim or slender could be used when the speaker would like to utter some compliments and using thin if the speaker would like to be neutral (Edmonds and Hirst, 2002, p. 110).
Furthermore, expressive variations also list emotive as one of the example. Edmonds and Hirst (2002) explains that emotive is an indirect expression by the speaker, such as from the figure above, between daddy and dad or father. The expression daddy implies a greater fondness rather than dad or father (p. 110).
d. Structural Variations
In this category, Edmonds and Hirst (2002) reflect that collocational, syntactic and selectional restrictions are common to be studied within the area of lexical choice in literature. Hence, there is not much to be explained (p. …show more content…
COCA is created by Mark Davies of Brigham Young University. It is the largest freely-available corpus of English that can be accessed via internet. The data within the corpus are from 1995 until 2015 and still updated frequently every year.
4. Data Collection
The data for this research is collected from the search of each pair of near-synonyms that has been mentioned in scope and limitation of this research. Then, the searches will yield researcher concordance lines for each node that will be analyzed later on by the researcher. From that concordance lines, researcher will choose 100 samples feature in COCA and selecting the first 30 lines to be analyzed then researcher will repeat the previous steps until there is nothing new to be analyzed.
5. Data Analysis
First of all, after researcher does the search according to the data collection, researcher will do the analysis by using Sinclair’s theory of analyzing concordance lines. Afterwards, the data will be used to find out about the first research questions to find out the usage of each pair of near-synonym words compared to the definitions for each word according to online