1. INTRODUCTION
1.1) DIABETES MELLITUS:
1.1.1. DEFINITION:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body’s systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves. Symptoms include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst, and hunger. The treatment includes changes in diet, oral medications, and in some cases, daily injections of insulin (Arky et al, 1982).
1.1.2. HISTORY:
For 2,000 years diabetes has been recognized as a devastating and …show more content…
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF DM:
i) Hereditary: The thing about having a hereditary disease is that you don’t know for sure if it will develop; it depends on other factors that trigger the gene that activates diabetes. There are cases of twins, one of them developed diabetes and the other did not (Mitra et al., 1996;, Battacharya et al., 1997).Therefore, if you have a family member who has or had diabetes, you should take care of proper nutrition, exercise, and avoiding stress (or developing good coping mechanisms) to make sure the lowest chance of developing diabetes. ii) Lifestyle: this is an additional one of the most recognized causes of diabetes. That is to say the food you eat (your diet), whether or not you exercise, if one has other way of life that impact one’s health such as obesity, poor sleep, smoking, drinking alcohol and other habits. While some say that the food itself (e.g., eating too many sweets) does not cause diabetes directly, they could cause it indirectly. By eating sweets or polished flours one is continuously bombarding one’s pancreas with simple sugars, which pass very rapidly into the blood. As a result, the pancreas is constantly stressed to keep glucose levels under control (Zimmet et al,. …show more content…
In patients with type-2 diabetes, these are helpful to normalize fasting blood glucose given once or twice a day before break fast.
● Long acting insulin analogues:
a) Ultra lente insulin (extended insulin zinc suspension): It is the long acting insulin formulation that has a modest peak at 10 h, and duration of action 18-20 h. Glagrine is a long-acting insulin analogue that has flat, peak less profile of activity that lasts for more than 24 h.
Premixed insulin formulations: These are providing more convenience and greater accuracy for patients because the patient does not need to mix them. Formulations currently available for use are
a) NPH and regular insulin 70/30 mixtures.
b) NPH and regular insulin 50/50 mixture
c) Insulin lispro mixture
1.1) DIABETES MELLITUS:
1.1.1. DEFINITION:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body’s systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves. Symptoms include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst, and hunger. The treatment includes changes in diet, oral medications, and in some cases, daily injections of insulin (Arky et al, 1982).
1.1.2. HISTORY:
For 2,000 years diabetes has been recognized as a devastating and …show more content…
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF DM:
i) Hereditary: The thing about having a hereditary disease is that you don’t know for sure if it will develop; it depends on other factors that trigger the gene that activates diabetes. There are cases of twins, one of them developed diabetes and the other did not (Mitra et al., 1996;, Battacharya et al., 1997).Therefore, if you have a family member who has or had diabetes, you should take care of proper nutrition, exercise, and avoiding stress (or developing good coping mechanisms) to make sure the lowest chance of developing diabetes. ii) Lifestyle: this is an additional one of the most recognized causes of diabetes. That is to say the food you eat (your diet), whether or not you exercise, if one has other way of life that impact one’s health such as obesity, poor sleep, smoking, drinking alcohol and other habits. While some say that the food itself (e.g., eating too many sweets) does not cause diabetes directly, they could cause it indirectly. By eating sweets or polished flours one is continuously bombarding one’s pancreas with simple sugars, which pass very rapidly into the blood. As a result, the pancreas is constantly stressed to keep glucose levels under control (Zimmet et al,. …show more content…
In patients with type-2 diabetes, these are helpful to normalize fasting blood glucose given once or twice a day before break fast.
● Long acting insulin analogues:
a) Ultra lente insulin (extended insulin zinc suspension): It is the long acting insulin formulation that has a modest peak at 10 h, and duration of action 18-20 h. Glagrine is a long-acting insulin analogue that has flat, peak less profile of activity that lasts for more than 24 h.
Premixed insulin formulations: These are providing more convenience and greater accuracy for patients because the patient does not need to mix them. Formulations currently available for use are
a) NPH and regular insulin 70/30 mixtures.
b) NPH and regular insulin 50/50 mixture
c) Insulin lispro mixture