When it comes to Nicholas of Cusa and Rene Descartes and their ideas of the infinite, the differences are many while the similarities are few. Nicholas of Cusa, who lived from 1401 to 1464, recognized the open-ended, positive aspect of nature which later led him to view the infinite as a never-ending circle; a changing and developing circle that is. In contrast, Rene Descartes, who lived from 1596 to 1650, struggled with trusting whether or not the world even exists outside of the private ego—to him, the two were blended. Descartes, later, came to the conclusion to use his own knowledge in proving certain aspects of the infinite, which would, in a way, strengthen his arguments. Despite their different approaches and ideas, in general, of the infinite, these two philosophers came to find important realizations of human nature and the world around them.…
2. Hume states that habit is the great guide to human life because custom allows us to use experience to navigate our world. He makes this assertion because it follows a criticism of our understanding of cause and effect as previous philosophers speculated. Hume makes the point that we do not actually understand cause and effect, only the relation of repetition shared between two things. We don't actually see the change that happens between one event to the next, and understanding the probability between two events does not represent common sense or reasoning as other believed.…
Rene Descartes’ statement, “I at least know for certain that nothing is certain” perfectly illustrates the multiple problems that arise when all rational beings realize that their senses can deceive them and that the very foundation of their knowledge is based on the assumption that everything they encounter is real. Thankfully, being aware of the problem is the first step in solving it. The juxtaposition of Rene Descartes and William Shakespeare reveals a difference of opinion when they set out to examine and solve the problems that arise from the doubtfulness of the knowledge provided by our senses. Although both authors agree on the importance of solitude and the potential problem of an evil genius manipulating our senses, Descartes’ use…
Descartes believes that God made the distinct mind and body interact in parallel with each other. Berkeley believes that God constantly perceives everything; therefore sensible objects can exist even when we don’t perceive them, because god still perceives them. The arguments relate to the argument between rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism relates with Descartes’ substance theory because he claims that intellect exists solely in the mind, that it is innate and only internal.…
The argument assumes that the “I” acknowledges himself or herself to have free will. According to Hume’s argument, the “I” is both free to do (A) and casually determined to do (A). P1 and P3 will be granted. They will not be subject to controversy for the rest of the paper, although their irrelevancy will be demonstrated. P2 contradicts observation.…
Descartes v. Locke Rene Descartes and John Locke are two philosophers of the 17th century who study on what the self is and how the mind and body are associated together. Although Descartes and Locke share some ideas, they do have different and significant examples explaining their beliefs. Rene Descartes has 6 Meditations in a treatise written by himself called “Meditations on First Philosophy” in which 3 are important. Two of the important Meditations are the 5th and 6th Meditations and they talk about the essence and existence of material things. Additionally, the 2nd Meditation was important in which Descartes brings a specific example involving wax in which there are 2 qualities; primary and secondary.…
Essay 3 Given what we know or can safely assume to be true of animal brains and behaviors, do animals actually exhibit thought and reason? The answer depends in large measure on one’s definition of thought and reason. Philosophers René Descartes and David Hume hold conflicting views about the nature and possession of thought and reason and, as a result, offer starkly different arguments for and against the existence of thought and reason in animals. While Descartes maintains in Part Five of Discourse on Method that only humans are capable of conscious thought, Hume asserts that human and animal behaviors are not so different in Section Nine of his An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.…
I say Hume is wrong. In my opinion, a wise person should base their belief on the weight of evidence that is presented. It is foolish to believe that evidence for natural events outweighs the evidence for miracles. For example, the Big Bang Theory, which many scientists believe to be true, is an event that will never repeat itself. It’s a highly rare event, but if we followed Hume’s belief, it would be considered irrational to believe in the Big Bang Theory.…
Throughout his “Meditations” Descartes will demonstrate that he is breaking away from the traditional way of thinking and metaphysics. And, throughout the text Descarte will lay out a foundation to a different way of thinking. One in which one does not solely rely on the senses to know things, but instead rely on an inspection of the mind. But, this conflicts with other philosophers of Descartes time, and it conflicts with what is being taught within the schools, Around Descartes time, many of the schools were using the writings of Aquinas and therefore Aristotle to teach, and they had become almost the center of philosophy. In this paper I will discuss and explain how Descartes’ views are different from the medieval and classical views of Aquinas and Aristotle.…
According to Descartes the natural world is based on the existence of a benevolent God; Descartes’ argument discusses the natural world by using doubt, which then hones into the works of mind and body dualism. In comparison to Descartes view of the natural world, Spinoza’s work is solely based upon one ‘Universal Substance’ which is otherwise known as ‘Nature’ or ‘God’. This substance is also regarded to hold all attributes and essences in the whole world, thus making it infinite. I argue that both philosophers share certain similarities in which their arguments on the natural world corresponds to their accounted beliefs in God having all “perfections”. Although, through viewing both Descartes and Spinoza’s philosophy I feel Locke would debate in responding that both philosophers lack ’experiences’ to prove their works on the natural world and God; especially Spinoza’s debate.…
As a result of these questions, the two schools of philosophy were formed. Rene Descartes and David Hume are two of the most well-known philosophers of epistemology. Descartes was a rationalist who claimed to possess a special method to form a well-rounded method of doubt, which was exhibited in his many studies of mathematics, natural philosophy and metaphysics. Hume was an empiricist who is generally known as one of the most important philosophers in English writing. Descartes idea of rationalism argued that reason and logic form the basis of knowledge; believing that knowledge originates in the mind and it cannot be formed within the senses.…
In this essay, I outline two similarities of Descartes and Spinoza—belief in apriori knowledge, and God as the infinite substance—as well as two differences—contrasting conceptions of God’s relation to the world, and mind-body relations. Both Spinoza and Descartes subscribe to the rationalist epistemology which claims that knowledge must be self-evident and derived from reasoning, rather than experience. As such, both philosophers believe in apriori knowledge, in which true knowledge is derived prior to experiences as experiences can be deceiving. Descartes claims that knowledge drawn from sensory faculties are mere representations of the true thing, being “obscure and confused” due to our limited sensory faculties (Meditation VI). Only ideas…
Both Kant and Hume can be challenged by problem of the source of knowledge because Hume speaks from the perspective of the empiricism and Kant on the distinction of phenomenal and noumenal. But one can show both of them have no excuse for their unbelief. In the enlightenment we come to realize two things which are informative, they are senses and the rational faculty. (Owen,p.144) some argued that rational faculty give foundation to intuition that were used to understand sense while other would say the rational faculty is a Tabula Raza (Blank) depending on which school of thought. “Ideas originate in sense data but the mind reflect these idea, what kind of reflection can be expected from a person?”…
That experience determines our idea of that particular thing. René Descartes was a Rationalist, which is someone who believes in…
Descartes argues that man has reason and is therefore able to think and think rationally. Hume’s theory, for Descartes, would probably lower man to the level of animals as many philosophers at that time believed that animals only have a base nature reacting and acting towards their environment requiring no rationality. Descartes would probably argue with Hume on the meaning of the self and personal identity. For Descartes, Hume is wrong in the fact that because of our ability to formulate ideas from our own mind is significant proof that Hume cannot deny. Hume cannot refute that we can have consistent and coherent thoughts that follow each other often.…