Bowling (1999) cited in Phillips and Bowling (2012) says ethnic minorities are immensely targeted and victimized by crimes of all varities. Bowling (1999) then goes onto say that actions taken by the police in response to these crimes are looked at as insubstantial. Problems like these are considered to be linked to the racial discrimination in the police force. (Holdaway 2009) cited in Phillips and Bowling (2012).
Straw (1999) cited in Phillips (2005) shows that ‘institutional racism’ had taken place by greater Manchester police,the director of the crown prosecution service and the Home Secretary, during the murder of Stephen Lawrence. Newburn (2009) expands on this by saying the police refused to look upon this murder as racially motivated and abandoned the charges which were made against five white youths. In the year of 1999 after a public inquiry, racism taken place in the police force was rife in the political agenda after Metropolitan police failed to resolve the Stephen Lawrence murder investigation. Bowling (1999) cited in Phillips and Bowling (2012). Following on from this Sir William Macpherson formed a report in 1999 which examined the death of Stephen Lawrence in an official inquiry which led to a history of race and Britain becoming a multicultural society Newburn