The purpose of this experiment was to observe and measure the effect of an unknown solute on the freezing point of a solvent and to determine the molar mass (molecular weight) of said unknown solute. In the experiment, the solvent, cyclohexane, and the unknown solute “Spongebob” were used throughout the experiment. According to theory as the unknown (nonvolatile) solute was added in the solution the vapor pressure should have decreased. When the vapor pressure decreases the freezing point will decrease along with it in the solution. In the experiment the cooling curves corresponds with that hypothesis.…
Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to understand acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes through the formation of exo-norborneol from the reaction of Norborene with acid and the excess of water. Acid-catalyzed hydration is useful in removing double and triple bonds; an unsaturated compound becomes reduced to a saturated compound in the presence of the acid catalyst, or water for this experiment. Hydration of alkenes is the result of acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond. This leads to the formation of an alcohol.…
Purpose: The purpose of the lab was to identify a powder based on its physical and chemical properties. Materials & Apparatus: -eye protection -well plate -pipette -small toothpick/ paper clip for stirring -6 white powders: icing sugar, cornstarch, Aspirin powder, baking powder, mystery powder -test solutions in dropper bottles: water, universal indicator, vinegar, iodine solution Safety notes: Aspirin Powder- in case of contact with skin, wash with soap and water. Universal indicator- toxic, in case of contact with skin or eyes, rinse for 15 minutes. Iodine- rinse for 15 minutes in case of contact with skin or eyes.…
Discussion Graph 1 displays the reaction time (in minutes) of how long it took for the Alka-Seltzer tablet to completely dissolve per trial. Graph 2 displays the averages of the reaction time which showed the higher the water temperature is, the faster the reaction time would be. At 65⁰C the average time for the Alka-Seltzer to completely dissolve was 1 minute 4 seconds followed by 1 minute 20 seconds at 35⁰C and ending with the highest average at 2 minutes 1 second (1.61). The hypothesis stated that hot water temperature would make the Alka-Seltzer tablet dissolve the fastest.…
INTRODUCTION The trends in physical properties of organic compounds such as boiling points and melting points can be deducted from their structures, including size (molecular weight, surface area), shape and functional groups. These factors significantly influence the strength of the intermolecular forces of attraction present; and the nature and strength of intermolecular forces determine the variations in boilingpoints of organic compounds. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external or atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, every molecules of the liquid acquire enough kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces attracting them to the other molecules.…
Introductions: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize acetaminophen and esters in order to apply the process of retrosynthetic analysis to determine the unknown alcohols used to produce the esters. Acetaminophen, a popular active ingredient in many over-the-counter drugs, is used as a pain reliever and a fever reducer. It is synthesized from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine; thus, acetaminophen contains hydroxyl and amide functional groups.1 C6H7NO + C4H6O3 C8H9NO2 + C2H4O2 This reaction is commonly known as a condensation reaction.…
The separated compounds were then classified by determination of their melting points and 1H NMR. Results and Discussion In this…
Acetaminophen is classified as an analgesic and an antipyretic. It is also one of the most commonly used medications to relieve pain in the United States. “Approximately one-third of the people in the United States report using an acetaminophen product at least once a month” (Aschenbrenner, 2006). The most common brand name for the over-the-counter medication is known as Tylenol, however, acetaminophen is also a major ingredient in many over-the-counter cold and flu medications, such as Robitussin. Acetaminophen, also known as Paracetamol, that is much like aspirin.…
The melting point of a substance is best described as the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid (Bruice 2014). On the molecular level, when a compound melts the forces between the molecules become weaker. This is because when a substances heats up the kinetic energy between the molecules increase causing the molecules to vibrate. When the vibrations become strong enough for the molecules to move around and pass other molecules, the compound that is being heated up starts to melt and become a liquid.…
In performing this test, it was found that salt #287 did not melt under the flame of the bunsen burner which had a temperature of 800 ºc. This indicates the melting point of the salt is above 800-degree celsius. This result remains consistent with the known melting point of Sodium chloride of 800.7-degree celsius. Using the result of this test, salt #287 is most likely Sodium Chloride as no other salt has a melting point above 800- degree celsius. This experiment yielded conclusive results on the possible identities of the salts.…
To determine whether the two isomers were different compounds, the melting point and solubility test had to be done. Maleic acid was prepped from dissolving maleic acid anhydride in deionized water, cooled, then filtered, and fumaric acid was prepped from refluxing the filtrate from the vacuum filtration, cooled and then filtered. Because fumaric acid did not dissolve in water or melt after being heated 3-5 minutes, it is safe to say that it is a completely different compound from maleic acid. Because we lost our maleic acid compound during the lab, we used an adjacent pair’s maleic acid to test for solubility and melting point. This would not give the most accurate result as the fumaric acid was not prepped from the same maleic acid filtrate.…
The purpose of this lab is to understand the effect that dissolved impurities will have on the freezing point of a mixture and what additive will affect the the freezing point the most. The freezing point of a liquid is, the point of a substance when the temperature of the solid and the liquid is equal. When water freezes the water molecules become organized and come closer together forming crystal particles of ice. When a solute (like salt) and a solvent (like water) mix together the salt becomes an impurity and makes it so the solution can’t crystallize.…
Acetaminophen (ACT) or paracetamol is one of the painkilling and antipyretic drug that used extensively and consumed about 100 tons per year around the world (Çifçi et al. , Zhao et al., 2015). Although, the concentrations of ACT in receiving waters are low, but the presence of this compound in the aquatic environment can cause adverse effects on living organisms (Hamdi El Najjar et al., 2014). Considering the adverse effects of ACT on environmental quality and human health, especially toxicity, removal of these compounds from discharging effluents is a significant…
The theoretical concepts that underlie the Hot Ice experiment involve a supercooled, supersaturated aqueous solution becoming a solid. When a liquid is cooled beyond its freezing point but remains liquid is known as supercooling or undercooling, and being supersaturated occurs when the solutes in a solution exceed the saturation point. The sodium acetate in a supercooled state will rapidly change into a solid with the addition of physical energy or a nucleation site. During the transformation of the liquid supercooled solution into solid crystalline formation produces heat in an exothermic reaction, hence the name hot ice.…
The melting points of each sample was then observed…