Using the APUS library i started doing research on criminal justice i recived a wide range of results by using the three Boolean operations i narrowed my search results down to just a few, by searching for criminal justice, America and gangs. By searching those three keywords i was able to find a research article covering gang violence in Chicago. The title of the article is Changing the Street Dynamic written by Andrew Papachristos from Yale University and David Kirk from Oxford University. Chicago is well know for its gang and gun violence but due to the violence reduction strategy theres been a 23% reduction in gun violence as well as 32% reduction in gunshot victims within the gang fractions that uses the call in experience. This…
Low wage and low economic standing communities experience high rates of violent and nonviolent cri me, poverty, and substance abuse. These conditions directly correlate with economic deficiency and also come with extra policing. Police brutality occurs at higher rates against people of color, specifically black people of color, and in lower income communities. This puts low wage, black communities at the forefront of police…
Over the second half of this State and Local Government course we have been reading and discussing The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. The overarching theme of this book is incarceration, and its purpose is to change the way we think about the world and its systems. All of our class discussions on incarceration, and all it entails, led me to wonder what the connection between incarceration and crime is. In this paper I will be using multiple sources that have to do with crime and incarceration in order to find out how incarceration relates to crime rates, and if incarceration is the reason for crime decline. I will go over all the information I found on this topic, including my findings on incarceration, statistics and rates, as well as…
In the article “ Americas Real Crime Element: Lead” by Kevin Drum published in Mother Jones magazine, the author gives possible reasons behind crime rates in the 1990’s. Drum introduces many theories, to later discredit them through evidence. Such evidence leads him to the real reason behind violent crimes. The evidence presented by Drum makes his argument credible to most, including parents of young children. Parents with young children have many fears.…
Monterey: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Williams, D. (2012). Race, Ethnicity, and Crime: Alternate Perspectives. Algora…
The fluctuations in the crime rate depend on the usage of crack cocaine and its markets. In “The Crime Bust,” the author elaborates on many possible causes to the unsteady rates, but only contributes to part of the downward cline (Witkin 1-4). For instance, one of the most cited causes to the crime rates, policing strategies, is not the key factor in crime reduction because it is not constant with every city. “The crime rate has also dropped precipitously in cities like Washington, D.C., where the police department has been, at best, troubled and, at worst, thoroughly dysfunctional. Conversely, a metropolitan area like Nashville, which has increased its police manpower by 16 percent since 1994, has nonetheless seen its annual murder totals…
08 Nov 2013 <http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=122773>. Anderson, G (2007) Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior. Boca Raton: CSC Press Barlow, H & Kauzlarich, D (2010) Explaining Crime, A Primer in Criminological Theory. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc Brill, E (1986)…
Does abortion have any connection to the reduction in crime rate since the early 1990’s? The controversial issue of abortion is and always will be a sensitive subject for everyone, and a side will not be taken for or against abortion. However, the research behind this topic suggests that the legalization of abortion did not cause the crime rates to decrease.…
For nearly 300 years, researchers have conducted crime surveys (Winfree and Abadinsky, 2010). During the 1960’s, a pilot study, referred to today as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), was conducted by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. The results of this study were recommendations in which federal funding was programmed for the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) to conduct the first few national victimization surveys during the years 1972, 1973, and 1974. The findings of these surveys were published in a report titled the National Crime Survey. This publication proved to be quite controversial when the findings showed the incidence rate of crime to be much greater that…
Criminologists employ cross-sectional and longitude studies as observational studies during research. The two studies help criminology research to establish a comprehensive research methodology for comparisons of variables. Additionally, they create a coherent epistemology for deducing cause and effects. Mark Stafford observes that most criminology theories and research are causal. They attempt to establish the correlation between cause and effect.…
The field of criminology in the United States has always been engrossed in accurate and precise ways of both ascertaining trends in crime and how to circumvent it. At a glance, one could assume that there may not be a connection between the media, public, and crime. However, this supposition could not be any further from the truth. The media pursues high TV ratings by inflating numbers and distorting storylines concerning crime. This in turn persuades the public into believing the popular erroneous stereotypes that there is an upswing in crime that is directly associated with race, gender, and social class.…
Beccaria wrote a book, On Crimes and Punishment, which was first published in 1764 (Brown, 2004). Brown (2004) explains of Beccaria’s book, “In his book, Beccaria noted, "For a punishment to attain its end, the evil which it inflicts has only to exceed the advantages derivable from the crime. " In other words, punishment should not be excessive; it should fit the crime” (p. 1). The criminal justice system of today was built off the foundation of Beccaria’s book, which outlined what the system should be like (Brown, 2004).…
Studies indicate poverty, community structure, instability of the neighborhood, surrounding crime, population density, mixed land use, cohesion and trust all affect crime probability. The presence of police or guardians only affects crime when there is a high concentration of motivated offenders. It is apparent from the research the issues of crime, particularly auto theft, are motivated by opportunity and community structure. Police, through education, may influence opportunity but additional resources and organizations are necessary to affect community structure. We cannot ignore, despite the challenges and limited affect, efforts by police to reduce auto theft.…
Crime is increasing every day, everywhere and most definitely increasing in communities. Crime is a major problem in the United States, people are dying from crime, people from younger generations are committing crimes, and law enforcement officers are getting hurt while protecting our communities. There are hundreds of crimes committed a day, which means there are hundreds of victims of crimes a day, but there are many of ways to reduce that number. Imagine if there was a way to reduce the number of homicides, burglaries, forcible rapes, and in all the amount of crime all together. One of the ways is by using social media to enhance policing.…
Mary Beth Rondeau, Patricia L. Brantingham and Paul J. Brantingham (2005) state in their article “The Value of Environmental Criminology for The Design Professions Of Architecture, Urban Design, Landscape Architecture, And Planning” that “Architects, Landscape Architects, and planners can have a major impact on the quality of life through the creation of environments that either inhibit or facilitate crime and the fear of crime” (p. 294). So, the way that one’s landscape around them is structured can lead either thoughts of opportunity to commit crime or fear that they will be affected by crime. Criminology has shown us that humans are more likely to commit crime when it is the easiest. This basis of knowledge has allowed for city planners to effectively combat crime. In all the knowledge of environmental Psychology has allowed for Criminologist to stop crime before it even…