2.1.1 CHRONIC OSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a treatable and preventable respiratory disease characterized by progressive, partially reversible airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation with significant involvement of extra pulmonary manifestations and comorbid, collectively may contribute to the severity of the disease. COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for an individual to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mostly COPD is related to prevalence of tobacco smoking. Besides tobacco smoking, other risk factors can range from occupational air pollution up to biomass fuels.
Nonsmokers also may develop COPD by exposure to other risk factors.
Quality of life and quality of sleep among COPD patients mostly affected. HRQL in COPD deteriorates with disease severity …show more content…
Prominent changes that seen are remodeling and narrowing of the airways, enlargement of glands which secrete mucus, increased number of goblet cells, and subsequent vascular bed changes which leads to pulmonary hypertension. These changes are responsible for COPD’s clinical presentation.
Most evidences support the theory of host response towards inhaled particles which stimulate the inflammatory reaction which causes changes in the airways.
A rapid decline in lung function in COPD patients related to systemic inflammation and often increase during episodes of exacerbations (Donaldson et al., 2005).
Systemic inflammation that seen in COPD patients are seen by the increase level of cytokines such as interleukin (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β), tumor necrosis factors, adipokines. Besides that, acute phase proteins such as CRP, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, Surfactant D also commonly seen in high levels during this
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a treatable and preventable respiratory disease characterized by progressive, partially reversible airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation with significant involvement of extra pulmonary manifestations and comorbid, collectively may contribute to the severity of the disease. COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for an individual to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mostly COPD is related to prevalence of tobacco smoking. Besides tobacco smoking, other risk factors can range from occupational air pollution up to biomass fuels.
Nonsmokers also may develop COPD by exposure to other risk factors.
Quality of life and quality of sleep among COPD patients mostly affected. HRQL in COPD deteriorates with disease severity …show more content…
Prominent changes that seen are remodeling and narrowing of the airways, enlargement of glands which secrete mucus, increased number of goblet cells, and subsequent vascular bed changes which leads to pulmonary hypertension. These changes are responsible for COPD’s clinical presentation.
Most evidences support the theory of host response towards inhaled particles which stimulate the inflammatory reaction which causes changes in the airways.
A rapid decline in lung function in COPD patients related to systemic inflammation and often increase during episodes of exacerbations (Donaldson et al., 2005).
Systemic inflammation that seen in COPD patients are seen by the increase level of cytokines such as interleukin (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β), tumor necrosis factors, adipokines. Besides that, acute phase proteins such as CRP, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, Surfactant D also commonly seen in high levels during this