3. Preparation of microemulsion:- Microemulsion was prepared by dispersing required quantity of Aripiprazole (15 mg/ml) in appropriate quantity of oil. The mixture was homogenized and to it, accurately weighed quantity of surfactant: cosurfactant blends was added in small portion with stirring. The blends were mixed thoroughly using magnetic stirrer and to it add dropwise double distilled water with continuous stirring around 10 min. compositions of ARP microemulsion shows in Table 1.
4. Preparation of Arp Solution
The ARP solution (AS) meant for comparative evaluation of ME-based systems was prepared by dissolving ARP (150 mg) in a mixture of 8 mL polyethylene glycol, 1 mL water and 1mL ethanol (95%, vol/vol) resulting in a solution of 15 (mg/mL). 5. …show more content…
Physiochemical Characterization of Microemulsion:-
5.1 Determination of Droplet size distribution and zeta potential
Droplet size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential of the resultant microemulsion was determined immediately using, Nano Malvern droplet analyzer (UK) and zeta potential analyzer. Wavelength scattering angle 90º at 25ºC, average hydrodynamic diameter of the microemulsion was derived from cumulative analysis by the auto measure software.
5.2 Interaction study by FT-IR
The infrared (IR) spectra of ARP, plain ME and optimized AME were taken using an IR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu FTIR- 8400 spectrophotometer). The plain ME, AME were spread as a thin layer onto a potassium bromide cell and then scanned between 4000cm-1 to 400cm-1 range. The resulting IR spectra of ARP and plain ME were then compared with AME to detect any possible interaction between the drug and different components used.
5.3 pH measurement 21,22
The pH value of ME was determined using digital pH meter (Equip-Tronics, EQ-610), standardized using pH 4 and 7 buffers before use. 5.4 Viscosity:
The rheological properties of the microemulsion are evaluated by Brookfield viscometer. with spindle SC 3. 5.5 Optical clarity (% transmittance) 12 % transmittance i.e. optical clarity proved the transparency of formulation. The percent transmittance of the system is measured at particular wavelength at 650 nm using UV-spectrophotometer keeping distilled water as blank. 5.6 Refractive index The refractive index of the system was measured by a simple Abbe refractometer by placing 1 drop of ME on the slide. 5.7 Conductivity measurement The electrical conductivity of ME was measured with a conductivity meter (Equip-Tronics, EQ – 664, Mumbai, India) equipped with an inbuilt magnetic stirrer. This was done by using conductivity cell (with a cell constant of 1.0) consisting of two platinum plates separated by desired distance and having liquid between the platinum plate acting as a conductor. 5.8 Visual clarity and precipitation 13 Prepared Microemulsion observed visually for clarity or any sign of precipitation. 5.9 Dilutability test The Microemulsion formed were diluted in 1:10, and 1:100, ratios with double distilled water to check if the system shows any signs of separation. 5.10 Drug content estimation:18 Microemulsion equivalent to 10 mg of Aripiprazole was dissolve in suitable quantity of ethanol (100ml). The samples were mixed thoroughly to dissolve the drug in ethanol. analyzed using Shimadzu 1800A UV visible spectrophotometer at 255 nm. 5.11 Polarizing microscopy.15,16 In order to verify the isotropic nature of ME, samples were examined using cross-polarized light microscopy (Polarizing Microscope carl zeiss ,model: axio labpol, m/s carl-zeiss,Germany ). A drop of ME was placed between a cover slip and a glass slide and then observed under cross-polarized light 5.12 Morphological analysis of Microemulsion by SEM17: The outer macroscopic structure of the microemulsion was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy with a S4800 TYPE ІІ scanning electron microscope (Hitachi high technologies ,Japan), operating at 15kV. The sample was fixed on a SEM-stub using double-sided adhesive tape and then coated with a thin layer of gold. 5.13 In-vitro drug diffusion study11 In-vitro diffusion study of microemulsion was carried out by Franz diffusion cell having 10 mm diameter and 16 ml capacity. Dialysis membrane (Himedia) having molecular weight cut off range 12000 – 14000 kDa was used as …show more content…
Three sheep nasal mucosa pieces (S1, S2, and S3) with uniform thickness were selected and mounted on Franz diffusion cells. S1 was treated with 0.5 mL of PBS pH 6.4 (negative control), S2 with 0.5 mL of isopropyl alcohol (positive control), and S3 was treated with AME for 1 h. After 1 h, the mucosae were rinsed with PBS at pH 6.4 and stain with eosin and hematoxylin subjected to histological studies to evaluate the toxicities of ME photographed by microscope.
5.15 Stability
4. Preparation of Arp Solution
The ARP solution (AS) meant for comparative evaluation of ME-based systems was prepared by dissolving ARP (150 mg) in a mixture of 8 mL polyethylene glycol, 1 mL water and 1mL ethanol (95%, vol/vol) resulting in a solution of 15 (mg/mL). 5. …show more content…
Physiochemical Characterization of Microemulsion:-
5.1 Determination of Droplet size distribution and zeta potential
Droplet size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential of the resultant microemulsion was determined immediately using, Nano Malvern droplet analyzer (UK) and zeta potential analyzer. Wavelength scattering angle 90º at 25ºC, average hydrodynamic diameter of the microemulsion was derived from cumulative analysis by the auto measure software.
5.2 Interaction study by FT-IR
The infrared (IR) spectra of ARP, plain ME and optimized AME were taken using an IR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu FTIR- 8400 spectrophotometer). The plain ME, AME were spread as a thin layer onto a potassium bromide cell and then scanned between 4000cm-1 to 400cm-1 range. The resulting IR spectra of ARP and plain ME were then compared with AME to detect any possible interaction between the drug and different components used.
5.3 pH measurement 21,22
The pH value of ME was determined using digital pH meter (Equip-Tronics, EQ-610), standardized using pH 4 and 7 buffers before use. 5.4 Viscosity:
The rheological properties of the microemulsion are evaluated by Brookfield viscometer. with spindle SC 3. 5.5 Optical clarity (% transmittance) 12 % transmittance i.e. optical clarity proved the transparency of formulation. The percent transmittance of the system is measured at particular wavelength at 650 nm using UV-spectrophotometer keeping distilled water as blank. 5.6 Refractive index The refractive index of the system was measured by a simple Abbe refractometer by placing 1 drop of ME on the slide. 5.7 Conductivity measurement The electrical conductivity of ME was measured with a conductivity meter (Equip-Tronics, EQ – 664, Mumbai, India) equipped with an inbuilt magnetic stirrer. This was done by using conductivity cell (with a cell constant of 1.0) consisting of two platinum plates separated by desired distance and having liquid between the platinum plate acting as a conductor. 5.8 Visual clarity and precipitation 13 Prepared Microemulsion observed visually for clarity or any sign of precipitation. 5.9 Dilutability test The Microemulsion formed were diluted in 1:10, and 1:100, ratios with double distilled water to check if the system shows any signs of separation. 5.10 Drug content estimation:18 Microemulsion equivalent to 10 mg of Aripiprazole was dissolve in suitable quantity of ethanol (100ml). The samples were mixed thoroughly to dissolve the drug in ethanol. analyzed using Shimadzu 1800A UV visible spectrophotometer at 255 nm. 5.11 Polarizing microscopy.15,16 In order to verify the isotropic nature of ME, samples were examined using cross-polarized light microscopy (Polarizing Microscope carl zeiss ,model: axio labpol, m/s carl-zeiss,Germany ). A drop of ME was placed between a cover slip and a glass slide and then observed under cross-polarized light 5.12 Morphological analysis of Microemulsion by SEM17: The outer macroscopic structure of the microemulsion was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy with a S4800 TYPE ІІ scanning electron microscope (Hitachi high technologies ,Japan), operating at 15kV. The sample was fixed on a SEM-stub using double-sided adhesive tape and then coated with a thin layer of gold. 5.13 In-vitro drug diffusion study11 In-vitro diffusion study of microemulsion was carried out by Franz diffusion cell having 10 mm diameter and 16 ml capacity. Dialysis membrane (Himedia) having molecular weight cut off range 12000 – 14000 kDa was used as …show more content…
Three sheep nasal mucosa pieces (S1, S2, and S3) with uniform thickness were selected and mounted on Franz diffusion cells. S1 was treated with 0.5 mL of PBS pH 6.4 (negative control), S2 with 0.5 mL of isopropyl alcohol (positive control), and S3 was treated with AME for 1 h. After 1 h, the mucosae were rinsed with PBS at pH 6.4 and stain with eosin and hematoxylin subjected to histological studies to evaluate the toxicities of ME photographed by microscope.
5.15 Stability