According to Erik Erikson, John is in the fifth psychosocial stage; generativity vs stagnation (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2015). The term generativity refers to the adult having a desire and the ability to facilitate in the development of the next generation, typically this refers to the individuals own children (Smart, 2011). Each stage has a virtue; meaning that each stage has a certain theme which characterises the stage and makes the stage unique to the certain age group, and within the generativity vs stagnation stage the virtue is care. Care initially means looking after a child in a physical sense and in a psychological sense. In contrast, stagnation refers to the adult failing to have an active role in enhancing the lives of the future
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The wits trauma model also focuses on repairing what was damaged (Eagle, 1998). Initially the treatment aims to assist the client to discontinue any repression. According to the cognitive behaviour therapy, the counsellor will attempt to keep the client from developing any phobic avoidance tendencies, which causes the individual to avoid certain situations that remind them of the traumatic event. The wits trauma model consists of five components; the counsellor must assess what needs to be addressed first. The five components will be briefly explained, they are the following; (1) telling and retelling the story, (2) normalising the symptoms, (3) addressing self-blame/self-guilt, (4) encouraging mastery, (5) facilitating creating meaning (Eagle, 1998). Telling and retelling the story is initially the rapport establishing part of this model, the counsellor creates a safe space for the client to re-explore what they have been through, the aim of re-telling their story is that growth occurs. The counsellor creates a safe space by being genuine, listening empathetically and staying in the here and now; in other words, asking questions that are relevant (Eagle, 1998). Normalising the symptoms is the second component of the wits trauma model, here the counsellor makes use of psycho-education to normalise the situation of the client. The aim of normalisation is to ease the client that they are not going insane, by doing this the client’s anxiety levels will be reduced. This component is important because it allows the client to understand what is happening to them, and it also gives them a sense of empowerment; it helps them manage their symptoms easier, the main goal in this component is to avoid re-traumatising the client (Eagle, 1998). Addressing survivor guilt or self-blame is
The wits trauma model also focuses on repairing what was damaged (Eagle, 1998). Initially the treatment aims to assist the client to discontinue any repression. According to the cognitive behaviour therapy, the counsellor will attempt to keep the client from developing any phobic avoidance tendencies, which causes the individual to avoid certain situations that remind them of the traumatic event. The wits trauma model consists of five components; the counsellor must assess what needs to be addressed first. The five components will be briefly explained, they are the following; (1) telling and retelling the story, (2) normalising the symptoms, (3) addressing self-blame/self-guilt, (4) encouraging mastery, (5) facilitating creating meaning (Eagle, 1998). Telling and retelling the story is initially the rapport establishing part of this model, the counsellor creates a safe space for the client to re-explore what they have been through, the aim of re-telling their story is that growth occurs. The counsellor creates a safe space by being genuine, listening empathetically and staying in the here and now; in other words, asking questions that are relevant (Eagle, 1998). Normalising the symptoms is the second component of the wits trauma model, here the counsellor makes use of psycho-education to normalise the situation of the client. The aim of normalisation is to ease the client that they are not going insane, by doing this the client’s anxiety levels will be reduced. This component is important because it allows the client to understand what is happening to them, and it also gives them a sense of empowerment; it helps them manage their symptoms easier, the main goal in this component is to avoid re-traumatising the client (Eagle, 1998). Addressing survivor guilt or self-blame is