Assignment 3.05 DNA DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is the stuff in humans and almost all other organisms. About every cell in you and everyone else's body has the same DNA. DNA is usually located in the cell nucleus (nuclear DNA),however small amounts of DNA can be found in the mitochondria (mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). The DNA has information stored as a code created by four chemical bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Each base is connected to a sugar molecule and phosphate molecule.…
The purpose of this lab report is to discuss experiments performed in order to study the ctrA gene. It was hypothesized that ctrA will be present in the four bacterial species studied, which are Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1, Rhodobacter sphaeroides 17029, Escherichia coli DH5훂, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB5. It was also hypothesized that ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. The last hypothesis for this study is that the promoter regions of ctrA is more conserved in closely related species and less conserved in not closely related species. All sequenced genomes of alpha proteobacteria contain ctrA genes.…
The subject, Papa Bear, is an Asian-American that is a 5’4” 48-years old male that weighs approximately 240 pounds. He was diagnosed with high cholesterol in August of 2015 and is currently taking atorvastatin. Near end of August, Mr. Bear was in a minor car accident that caused him to have neck and back pain, and is now on metaxalone, cyclobenzaprine, and meloxicam. Not only does he currently have high cholesterol and feeling pains from his neck down to his lower back, for about 40 years Mr. Bear has been prescribed doxycycline monohydrate as well as triamcinolone acetonide for his eczema and skin rash on both of his upper arms, and rosacea on his cheeks. The liver makes lipoproteins to distribute cholesterol in the body as well as to bring…
An APOE is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E. This protein was discovered to be a signature of the disease, Alzheimers. Alzheimer's is the disease that makes you have dementia and forget everything. It’s also been proven that APOE4 ramps up brain inflammation that can kill brain cells.…
Review Questions # 5 2. Distinguish between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders and provide a couple examples of each. When dealing with genetic disorders its important to understand how they are inherited. There are two ways a child can inherited a genetic disorder from their parents. Autosomal dominant disorder is where one parent has a genetic disorder in which it has already manifested such as familial hypercholesterolaemia, marfan’s syndrome, and achondroplasia(dwarfism) and this dominant gene is inherited by their child who will also develop the disorder.…
Ricki Lewis’s The Forever Fix: Gene Therapy and the Boy Who Saved It tells the tale of gene therapy’s rocky road from a wild idea people considered to be a “daydream” to a growing field providing lucky individuals with treatment to prevent their life-shattering genetic diseases. In her novel, Lewis discusses two major biological concepts: mutation and gene expression. To give the reader the molecular basis for genetic disorders, mutation is briefly addressed.…
It is often a mystery on what precise genes cause EDS since little is known about the syndrome and its many subtypes. EDS is rare; its most common subtype hEDS is identified in 1 in every 5,000 individuals through a dominant gene while vascular subtype is only found in 1 out of 20,000 through recessive genes(Stern, et al. 2017 and John Hopkins, 2017). According to a study at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, each child of an individual with hyper-mobility EDS has an approximate 50% chance of inheriting the disorder since responsible gene and pathogenic variants are currently unidentified. This disables prenatal testing and gene testing since there is no specific gene to identify (Howard, 2016).…
Genetics Involving Pheochromocytomas Jillian Benson Baker University School of Nursing Genetics Involving Pheochromocytomas Pathophysiology Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare, benign tumors that develop from chromaffin cells, which are located in the neuroectodermal tissues around the spinal column and the adrenal glands (Grouzman et al., 2015 and Santos, 2014). Pheochromocytomas are located inside of the adrenal gland, while paragangliomas are located outside of the adrenal gland. These tumors are known to secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as catecholamines (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p. 423). According to a research article written by Eric Grouzmann (2015), “In chromaffin cells and pheochromocytes, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) are stored in vesicles where they sustain a passive leakage into the cytoplasm before being recaptured in the vesicle pool” (p.2). This is important because, the enzyme responsible for transforming norepinephrine into epinephrine is only in the adrenal medulla and is…
According to gene Blocker, Thomas Aquinas extended the Roman Conception of natural law and distinguished it from other kinds of law. He argued that policies were inconsistent with natural law and unjust and hence natural law becomes a test for validity of civil law. The earliest code for the reform was recorded in Urukagina of lagash. In 1780 BC, code of Hammurabi was issued to declare punishment for the people violating any women rights, men rights, slave rights or children rights. In 6ht century Cyrus the great issues the “Cyrus Cylinder” which was a human rights document.…
In the past five years, scientists have identified a number of rare gene changes or mutations that are now connected…
Epigenetics is defined as the study of changes in organisms resulting from modifications in gene expressions. The use of stem cells prove to be a vital part in the course of Epigenetics. Stem cells are characterized by two traits. They are self-renewal, able to divide into more identical cells and pluripotency, which allow the cells to become any kind of cell such as Erthrocyte or osteoclast. The relationship between epignetics and stem cells paved a pathway to an experiment relating to the relationship between TET, a protein that oxidizes certain kinds of DNA and stems cells and its properties when it is both modified and unmodified, by OGT, an enzyme that modifies other proteins with different materials such as sugar.…
Evolution of FOXP2 in Humans In order to better understand the mechanism that resulted in the exon 7 amino acid substitution in humans and no other species, researchers compared the rate of protein sequence evolution in humans compared to that of chimpanzees. By obtaining protein sequences from different species and aligning them, using a rate analysis and computer simulations, they found that protein evolution rate in humans, compared to that of other primates, was significantly higher in human FOXP2 (Zhang et al. 2002). This provides a potential mechanism by which the FOXP2 gene evolved differently in humans. Although their analysis was thorough and insightful, other studies with different strategies that further confirm this potential mechanism…
Agouti Gene and Natural Selection In “Adaptive Evolution of Multiple Traits through Multiple Mutations at a Single Gene” by Catherine R. Linnen et al. the article discussed how mutations of multiple traits from a single gene led species to thrive in their environment. The research was based upon the phenotype of light-colored mice being selectively advantageous on the sand soils of Nebraska Hills. The fur of the mice evolved into a light- pigmentation to prevent from being attacked by predators.…
Moalem talks about how cholesterol rises too. Like when you consume alcohol, your body detoxifies it and then extracts calories from it. It's a difficult process that involves many different enzymes and a lot of organs, although most of the process takes place in the liver. First, an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase converts the alcohol into another chemical called acetaldehyde; another enzyme—cleverly called acetaldehyde dehydrogenase—converts the acetaldehyde into acetate. And a third enzyme converts that into fat, carbon dioxide, and water.…
The doctors show that people can use lots of different ways to go wrong with personal DNA. Genome Sequenced can help people find out the mutations; However, most of the people think that Genome Sequenced are cheating them. For example, it may confuse doctors, scare patients and drive up costs. In the article, “YOU CAN GET YOUR WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCED. BUT SHOULD YOU? “(2017) MEGAN MOLTENI shows Genome Sequenced can help patients take care their body and almost no side effects.…