Proximate and ultimate causation

A proximate cause of event must is a natural sequence, unbroken by any new cause which without if that event would not have occurred. Rider 171 N.Y. at 138. In Nola’s case, the proximate cause of her death was her witnessing the death of her husband which resulted from the wrongful action of the Jackson brothers. However, the sequence of event is broken by Nola’s bad heart that resulted into a heart attack, which is the ultimate cause of her death. Therefore, the Jackson brother’s wrongful act that lead to Burt’s death may not be a proximate cause of Nola’s death because it is an unforeseeable occurrence of events and relieving them from the wrongful death of Nola…

1. Explain the complexities of proximate cause. - The complexity of proximate cause is determined when the question to how the crime was committed arises. According to Schmalleger F & Hall D (p. 74, 2017),” The complexity of causation can be seen in the 2014 case Paroline v. United States. In this case, the Supreme Court had to determine how to measure the harm which was proximately caused by the possession of child pornography. The statute in question required that restitution be paid by…

evolutionary developmental biology, and relate it to different forms of causation. The article that I used as my focus is “EvoDevo and Niche Construction: Building Bridges” by Laland, Odling-Smee, and Gilbert. In this article, both niche construction and evolutionary developmental biology are talked about. The main claim is that both of these concepts have much in common. Niche construction, as defined by these authors, is said to be “the process whereby organisms, through their metabolism,…

of God, for if necessary causal effects could be found in nature, the effects would not be acts of Gods will. Below, this paper will accomplish two things; first it will outline the first two points of Algazali’s argument put forth against the philosopher’s notion of necessary causation as it is found in “The Incoherence of the Philosophers”, and second it will offer a critical evaluation…

Culligan is in breach of the standard care. Thirdly, does the plaintiff sustain damage? And last but most importantly, was Mr. Mustapha’s damage directly caused by Culligan’s breach? Mr. Mustapha must prove all four elements for Culligan to be found liable. Did the Defendant Owe the Plaintiff a Duty of Care? The first element in determining the liability in tort for negligence is whether Culligan owes a duty of care to the plaintiff, Mr. Mustapha. It draws our attention to the type of…