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Thermoregulation
the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range
Ectotherms
an animal, such as a reptile (other than birds), fish or amphibian, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature
Endotherms
an animal, such as a bird or mammal, that uses metabolic heat to regulate body temperature
Integumentary System
the outer covering of a mammal's body, including skin, hair, and nails
Vasodilation
an increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls
Vasoconstriction
a decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that contract that muscles of the vessel walls
Countercurrent Heat Exchanger
an arrangement of blood vessels that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms
Nonshivering Thermogenesis (NST)
the increased production of heat in some mammals by the action of certain hormones that cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP
Brown Fat
a tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production
Acclimatization
physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor
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