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How is aggression evolved in men? (2) (AO1)
• adapted in men due to sexual jealously from fear of cuckoldry
• the consequence of cuckoldry is that a man may unwittingly invest his resources in offspring that are not his own
Why are males more at risk of cuckoldry, and why they need to adapt sexual jealousy? (2) (AO1)
• men more at risk due to parental uncertainty
• therefore, sexual jealousy and aggression evolved to deter female mates from infidelity, and so minimising the risk of cuckoldry
What are mate retention strategies which males evolved for the purpose of keeping a mate? (2) (AO1)
• direct guarding or violence
• can lead to extreme cases of uxoricide (death)
How does Shackelford et al find support for sexual jealousy and the use mate retention strategies? (4) (AO2)
• Shackelford et al surveyed men and women in committed relationships
• men asked about their use of mate retention strategies whilst females asked about their partners retention techniques and their violence towards them
• positive correlation between men who used mate retention strategies and their use of violence
• woman's responses confirmed this, as they experienced more violent behaviour
What does uxoricide not explain, and how does evolved homocide module theory (Duntly and Buss) explain it? (3) (AO2)
• uxoricide doesn't explain why more young girls die
• The evolved homocide module theory can explain this, because a partners infidelity carries a double loss for the male
• if the female is still of reproductive age, he both loses a partner and another male gains a partner and increases their reproductive success -> therefore prevents others
Why is there a gender bias with research into mate retention? (2) (IDA)
• research focuses on men's mate retention strategies
• Archer states women practice mate retention strategies and carry assaults on their partners as often as do men
Why is our understanding of the relationship between sexual jealousy and aggression limited, according to Edlund and Sagarin? (1) (AO2)
• it doesn't tell us if the locus of responsibility influences the amount of jealously experiences and therefore the degree of violence inflicted
Why does the understanding of mate detention strategies and it's link with violence have real world applications? (2) (IDA)
• mate retention tactics act as an early indicator of abuse
• therefore awareness of tactics means that family and friends can offer help
How did Takahashi et al a find psychological basis for jealousy based aggression? (2) (AO2)
• Found that neural response to imagined scenes depicting sexual infidelity and emotional jealousy were different between men and women
• men had greater activation in amygdala and hypothalamus when presented with scenes depicting sexual infidelity with mate
Why might mate retention strategies not be that adaptive? (2) (AO2)
• social environment is constantly changing
• so having a mind and behaviour that is flexible to these changes would be more adaptive than having a fixed set of behaviours
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