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Who created the Differential Association theory and what other theory is it similar to?
Edwin SutherlandSocial learning theory
What are the processes that create a criminal, accoring to the theory?
Learning attitudes towards crimeLearning of specific criminal acts
What did Sutherland say could be used to calculate whether someone was to become a criminal or not?
Frequency, intensity and duration of exposure to deviant behaviours and attitudes.
What are the attitudes, described by Sutherland, that need to be weighed up for use to predict future criminality?
Pro-criminal attitudesAnti-criminal attitudes
What is the basis of the differential association theory?
That criminal behaviours occur due to socialisation processes, interactions and the aquisition of criminal behaviours and ideas from pro-criminal peers
How is the differential association theory different to the social learning theory?
The SLT focuses on the role of one role model and vicarious or dirent reinforcement in the development of a behaviour. The individual imitates their role models behaviours. The DAT however believes that behaviours are learnt from watching multiple peers performing a task por through direct tuition- rather than direct or indirect reinforcement from the role model.
Evaluation: What did Farrington find and does it support the DAT or not?
411 males from inner city London. All deprived. Lontitudinal study from 8-50. Between 10-50, 41% of ppts had committed at least one criminal offence. The most criminally active years were those of 19-28. Interviews with ppts and parents were carried out to assess behaviour, home life, schooling and if they'd committed any crimes they were not caught for.Yes it's in support of the DAT
Evaluation: what did Osborne and West find in their research, does it support the DAT?
Fathers and their sons in jail. 40% of fathers in jail had a son who was also convicted of committing a criminal offence. Showing peer influence has an impact on criminality.It can be argued the findings don't support the DAT as it is unclear whether biology or socialk factors caused both father and son to become criminals, showing the DAT is an incomplete theory
Is the research deterministic? Why/why not?
Yes. It ignores the role of individual differences in the development of and acceptance of criminal behaviours. The theory also ignores biological and cognitive explanations for criminal behaviours. It fails to explain why some people exposed to more pro-criminal attitudes don't always become criminal(ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM)
Can the theory be described as scientific? Why/why not?
No.It is difficult to calculate the number or pro/anti criminal attitudes an individul has been exposed to, especially when the two types arent explicitly obvious. You can't see the point where one is more than the other, making the theory subjective and unreliable
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