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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The scrotum
Scrotum-

ANATOMY
(1) is a sac of skin and superficial fascia
(2) hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
(3)houses the testes

(pp. 1025–1026; Figs. 27.1–27.2).
The scrotum
Scrotum-

FUNCTIONS:
(1) It provides an environment 3° below the core body temperature. (as required for VIABLE SPERM PRODUCTION)
(2) It responds to temperature changes.
The testes
Testes-

FUNCTION:
(1) the primary reproductive organ of the male
(2) producing both sperm and testosterone

(pp. 1026–1028; Figs. 27.1–27.3).
The testes
The testes
Testes-

ANATOMY
(1) Covered externally by the "tunica albuginea "
(2) Tunica albuginea-divides the testis into many lobules
(3) Each lobule contains
(a) seminiferous tubules -produce sperm
(b) interstitial cells-produce androgens (testosterone)
Tunica albuginea
Tunica albuginea-

(1) covers the testes
(2) divides the testis into many lobules
Lobule
Lobule-

ANATOMY
(1) Each lobule contains
(a) seminiferous tubules -produce sperm
(b) interstitial cells-produce androgens (testosterone)
Seminferous tubules
Seminiferous Tubules -

-produce sperm
Androgens
Androgens-

Hormones ?????
The Penis
Penis-

FUNCTION:
(1) is the copulatory organ
(2) designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

(p. 1028; Figs. 27.1, 27.4).
The Penis
The Penis

ANATOMY:
(1) The penis is made of an attached root, and a free shaft /body that ends in the glans.
(2) The prepuce, (foreskin) covers the penis and may be slipped back to form a cuff around the glans.
(3) Internally the penis contains two erectile tissues.
(a) the corpus spongiosum
(b) the corpora cavernosum,
The Glans
Glans-

The head of the penis
The Prepuce
Prepuce-

(aka foreskin) covers the penis and may be slipped back to form a cuff around the glans
Corpus Spongiosum
Corpus Spongiosum-

ANATOMY
(1) Erectile tissue of the penis
(2) two lateral segments at the inferior portion of the penis
Corpus cavernosa
Corpus cavernosa-

ANATOMY
(1) Erectile tissue of the penis
(2) one segment on the superior portion of the penis
Erection
Erection-

(1) Engorgement of the erectile tissue with BLOOD triggered during sexual excitement
(2) causing the enlargement of the penis (becomes rigid)
(3) Controlled by the PARASYMPATHETIC reflexes
Male perineum-

Region encompassed by:
(1) pubic symphysis
(2) ischial tuberosities
(3) coccyx
Epididymis
Epididymis-

ANATOMY
(1) hugs the external surface of the testis
(2) consists of a highly coiled tube
FUNCTION:
(1) provides a place for immature sperm to MATURE and to be expelled during ejaculation.
(2) STORAGE
Ductus (vas) deferens
Ductus (vas) deferens-

carries sperm from storage sites in the epididymis, through the inguinal canal, over the bladder, and into the ejaculatory duct.
Ductus deferens
Ductus deferens (aka vas deferens)-

ANATOMY
(1) extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
(2) its terminus FUSES with the duct of the seminal vescicle --> forming the ejaculatory duct (which empties into the urethra within the prostate

FUNCTION:
(1) propels sperm into the URETHRA by persitalsis during ejactulation
Ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory duct-
Urethra
Urethra-

ANATOMY: is the terminal portion of the male duct system

FUNCTION: carries both
(1) urine
(2) sperm (not at the same time) to the exterior environment.
The Male Duct System-

ANATOMY (???)
(1) Epididymis
(2) Vas deferens
(2) Urethra
Accessory Glands
Accessory Glands-????

FUNCTION:
(1) produce the bulk of the semen

ANATOMY???
(1) ducts (seminal vesicles???)
(2) glands (prostate gland, bulourethral glands???)
(3) external genitalia

(P 1024)
Semen
Semen-

Milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of (1) sperm (2) accessory gland secretions

FUNCTION:
(1) alkaline fluid-that dilutes and TRANSPORTS sperm

COMPONENTS:
(1) "nutrients" (fructose-from seminal vesicles)
(2) "prostaglandins"(activating fluid-prostate)
(3) "antibiotic chemicals" (mucus-bulbourethral glands)
Seminal vesicles
Seminal vesicles-

ANATOMY
(1) lie on the posterior bladder wall
(2) and their alkaline secretion accounts for 60% of the volume of semen

Containing (1) fructose, (2) ascorbic acid, a (3) coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and (4) prostaglandins
Prostate gland
Prostate gland-

FUNCTION:
(1) is responsible for producing a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing
(a) citrate, (b) several enzymes, and (c.) prostate-specific antigen
(2) making up about 1/3 of the semen.
Bulbourethral glands
Bulbourethral glands (aka Cowper's glands)

FUNCTION:
(1) produce a thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation (2) that neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra.
Ejaculation
Ejaculation-

(1) is the propulsion of semen from the male duct system
(2) triggered by the SYMPATHETIC nervous system.
(3) Part of the male ORGASM
Male Orgasm
Male Orgasm-

(1) Includes ejaculation ???? Check info on ppt slides
(2) pleasurable sensations
(3) increased pulse
(4) increased blood pressure
Gametes
Gametes-

(1) sperm-male
(2) ovum???
Meiosis-

The basis of gamete production

(1) consists of two consecutive nuclear divisions w/o DNA REPLICATION in between
(2) production of 4 daughter cells
(3) REDUCES the chromosomal number by 1/2 (introduces GENETIC VARIABILITY

UNIQUE TO MEIOSIS
(1) include synapsis
(2) crossover of homologous chromosomes
Meiosis II
Meiosis II -

(1) starts off with the products of Meiosis I (2 daughter cells)
(2)resembles mitosis in every way
(3) except the chromatids are separated into 4 daughter cells.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis-

(1) begins when the spermatogonia divide to produce type A daughter cells that maintain the stem cell line
(2) and type B daughter cells that get pushed toward the lumen to
become primary spermatocytes and ultimately sperm.
(3) occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia-???

(1) Divide by mitosis to maintain the germ cell line
(2) Some of their progeny become PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES (which undergo Meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes)
Spermatocytes
Spermatocyte-

PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE
(1) undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes,

SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE
(1) which then undergo meiosis II to form 4 haploid (n) spermatids
Spermatids
Spermatids-

Are converted to functional sperm by spermiogenesis

(1) during which superfluous cytoplasm is stripped away
(2) an acrosome and flagellum (tail) are produced
Spermiogenesis -

(1) is a streamlining process that strips the spermatid of excess cytoplasm and forms a tail,
(2) resulting in a sperm with a head, a midpiece, and a tail.
Sperm- (or Spermatozoan???)
Sustentacular cells
Sustentacular cells

Sustentacular cells (aka Sertoli cells) -

(1) form a blood-testis barrier that prevents membrane-bound antigens from escaping into the bloodstream
(2) nourish spermatogenic cells
(3) move them toward the lumen of the tubules
(4) secrete fluid for sperm transport
Brain-testicular axis
Brain-testicular axis -

refers to the relationship and interactions between
(1) hypothalamus
(2) anterior pituitary gland
(3) the testes.
GnRH
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

(1) Produced by the HYPOTHALAMUS
(2) stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
FSH
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

(1) causes SUSTENTACULAR CELLS to produce ABP (androgen-binding protein)
(2) indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis
LH
LH (aka ICHS-interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)

(1) stimulates interstitial cells to produce TESTOSTERONE
(2) Testosterone BINDS to ABP, stimulating spermatogenesis
Testosterone (hormonal regulation)
Testosterone (hormonal regulation)

FUNCTION:
(1) inhibits hypothalamic release of GnRH
(2) acts directly on the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit gonadotropin release
Inhibin
Inhibin-

(1) is produced by the sustentacular cells and released when sperm count is high.
(2) also works with Testosterone-feedback to INHIBIT hypothalamus & anterior pituitary
Testosterone (Mechanisms)
Testosterone (Mechanisms)

(1) is synthesized from cholesterol
(2) exerts its effects by activating specific genes to be transcribed.
(3) targets accessory organs (ducts, glands, and penis), causing them to grow and assume adult size and function.
Testosterone (Effects)
Testosterone (Effects)
Testosterone-

(1) stimulates maturation of the male reproductive organs
(2) triggers the development of male secondary sex characteristics:
(a) pubic, axillary, and facial hair,
(b) deepening of the voice
(c.)thickening of the skin
(d) increase in oil production
(e) an increase in bone and skeletal muscle size and mass. (anabolic effects)
(3) stimulates SPERMATOGENESIS
(4) responsible for sex drive