II. Nationalism can be defined as the following: o An ideology that is identified with the nation-state (Gutek, 2014) o According to Steven Gosby, “it refers to a set of beliefs about the nation, focusing on its value and worth and the desirability of belonging to it” (Gutek, 2014, p.196). o Instills “love of country and the nation” (Gutek, 2014, p. 203) o Manifest the “sense of belonging to and sharing common membership in the country” (Gutek, 2014, p. 197)
III. Natural “Educational Authority” consists of the following: o Creates a sense of “national identity” (Gutek, 2014 p. 212) o Supports a “common language for everyday communication and its words express the meaning of time and space and the values of honesty, loyalty, beauty, friendship, politeness, and family in a unique national and cultural context” (Gutek, 2014, p. 202) o The curriculum and instruction are based on transmitting the “national cultural heritage, developing patriotism and loyalty to the nation, establishing the proper performance of national ceremonies and rituals, and creating a national collective consciousness” Gutek, 2014, 204). o History and myths are used to construct national identity and collective consciousness (Gutek, 2014). o American Exceptionalism gives the sense that America is unique (Gutek, 2014); o Ethnonationalism focuses on the racial and ethnic group (Gutek, 2014) o It considers the ethnic group as the “focus of an individual primary identification” (Gutek, 2014, p.212) IV. Liberalism can be defined as the following: o Part of self-knowledge that extends throughout the rest of individual humanity (“Liberalism”, n.d.) o Characteristics such as gender, religious, and race are irrelevant because one must act morally or risk the most basic kind of self-negation (“Liberalism”, n.d.) o It is opposed to the limitations of “individual freedom: (Gutek, 2014, p. 245) V. Liberalism “Educational Authority” consists of the following: o Empowering individuals with the knowledge, skills, and a strong sense of values (Gutek, 2014) o The curriculum is emphasized on civic education (Gutek, 2014). o Protects the free will and people right to make decisions, or believe in fundamentals such as political and religious (Gutek, 2014). o According to Encyclopedia.com, the purpose of education is to set free - whether it’s from bias, ignorance, or superstition (“Liberalism”, n.d.). o It teaches students …show more content…
o Mills states “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others (Gutek, 2014, p. 228).
VI. Conclusion
Naturalism challenges Liberalism in several ways: o American nationality and identity is developed by transmitting a national history (Gutek, 2014). o History and culture are subjects that use the nation’s past events and myths to create a collective memory (Gutek, 2014). o Schools Relates to school as nation-states and that its focus is to develop primary identification with the nations (Gutek, 2014)
Liberalism challenges Naturalism in several ways. o Argue that “education is more than merely transmitting what is claimed to exist” (Gutek, 2014, p. 205) o Considers the “American culture as an unfinished project” (Gutek, 2014, p. 205) o Is opposed to traditions of “old systems”. Specifically, the “limitations on individual freedom” (Gutek, 2014, p.245) o Education is “designed to reshape and reconstruct American culture” (Gutek, 2014, p. 205) o Believes that education system should focus on universal education with focus on civic education (Gutek,