Zohydro is an opioid analgesic hydrocodone that no contains acetaminophen is a 12-h extended-release formulation. Its approval was against the FDA’s expert panel recommendation. Opioids have been widely used as treatment for non-cancer chronic pain. However, it may be some misunderstanding in the efficacy and safety of this drugs because of their potential misuse, abuse and addiction.…
Most of patients are prescribed from the benzodiazepine (anxiolytic) category such as Xanax or Klonopin for tension relief, reduction of other somatic symptoms, and relaxation (butcher, 2008). Benzadiazepines were released in the early 1960s and are the most widely used class of anti-anxiety medications. They are widely used because they are beneficially and work fast to cure acute anxiety. Depending on the dosage being taken the help quell anxiety and at higher dosages they act as sleep-inducing agents and can be used to treat insomnia (Butcher, 2008). Unfortunately some of the side affects include psychological and physiological dependence.…
When are these types of drugs typically used? It prevents impulses from passing through the affected regions, & when it reaches the brain, it doesn't inform it of sensations of touch and pain usually used during surgeries 21. How does caffeine stimulate the activity of the nervous system? Stimulant; increases alertness, reduces fine motor coordination 22.…
The synapses have receptors on them and the response of the drug depends on which receptor it binds to. Each receptor has its own response to a very specific drug. These responses can sometime benefit or harm the person depending on what drug binds to which receptor. 7. Present empirical evidence to support the position that the neurotransmitter is the signaling agent for…
Ketamine an anesthetic known for being a drug club, for recreational uses, but it has a new off-label use, as an antidepressant. Ketamine currently lacks approval from the FDA, but some psychiatrist are trying ketamine to help their patients who suffer from extreme depression. Often the patients do not have any other options to treat depression, often, traditional antidepressants are unable to assist in the relief of depression. Ketamine now offers patients with hope with treating depression.…
Biologically, benzodiazepines bind to GABA receptor sites in the brain. GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter that if in excess amounts in the brain or regulated can cause seizures and sleep problems respectively. Previously, scientists have tried medication substitution to anxiolytics, agonist substitution to mimic the effect, or abstain completely. Liebrenz and his team of five scientists suggest that, “patients’ subjective views are of clinical importance because past research indicates that individuals should be presented with a variety of treatment alternatives, rather than simply being informed about what is obtainable or easiest; in addition, this prior research has found interventions to be most beneficial when patients…
AMPHETAMINE WITHDRAWAL Overview The repeated use of amphetamines will cause psychological AND physical dependence that may also result in withdrawal when the medicine aren't any longer being used. According to the United States National Library of medicine, once use of amphetamines suddenly stops, withdrawal symptoms quickly set in inflicting the brain and also the body to travel through a series of uncomfortable, not, therefore pleasure some reactions both psychologically and physically. Amphetamine use really causes an initial spike within the creation of the natural hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine that is followed by a lowered production of those present hormones over time. The result's a physical dependence that the body develops…
Biogenic Amines are Amino Acid Tyrosine based. Catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and Indolamines, they are allocated in the brain, they are responsible for emotions, body clock regulatory, and excitation behaviours. Amino acid compound neurotransmitters such as Glutamate and Gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Glutamate relates to promotion of excitement, they work in the moderation of soreness, and increment of Enkephalin activity in women in labour.…
According to the DEA ( Drug Enforcement Administration) a schedule lll drug is drugs, substances or chemicals with a moderate potential for physical and higher psychological dependence. One of these many schedule lll drugs is Ketamine. A few common street names Ketamine is known by is Cat Tranquilizer, Jet, Kit Kat, Purple K and Special La Coke. This paper examines the historical origins of ketamine, its present use today, and the future of Ketamine. This drug is typically packaged with most common house hold items- small plastic baggies, aluminum foil folds but all so in glass vials and capsules.…
This medication has also been proven to slow the developing effects of dementia. In more scientific terms, memantine is a glutamate regulator. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter, which sends signals from the nerve cells to other cells in the brain that aid in information processing, storage, and retrieval. Memantine regulates abnormal glutamate levels, which improves cognitive function and promotes regular brain function.…
Lignocaine is a widely used local anaesthetic. This drug shows inhibition of peristalsis due to its ability to block sodium ion protein channels in the nerves of the body. This prevents the initiation and rapid increase of nerve action potentials, this allows for its use as a local anaesthetic by acting on nociceptive neurons (Dale et al., 2015). This will then result in diminished amplitudes of contractions and indicates that only partial inhibition was occurring.…
Methadone is a drug that reduces withdrawal symptoms. It reduces the craving for drugs without the imitating the sense of euphoria that follows drug abuse. Hence, it is prescribed to patients to treat or stop narcotic addiction (mainly people addicted to heroin). Methadone is also a painkiller, it can be given to treat pain that’s moderate to severe especially within the elderly. However, Methadone itself can be addictive and thus when prescribed, according to the Royal College of General Practitioners methadone doses “should be supervised through induction and until stability is achieved.”…
CNS depressants, such as Xanax or Valium, are used for patients with anxiety or sleep disorders. Due to CNS depressants ability to help with anxiety or sleep disorders, often times they will make the user feel drowsy or calm as it decreases the brain's activity. Lastly, stimulants are drugs used to treat deficit disorders and also narcolepsy. Examples of stimulants are amphetamines, such as Adderall and Ritalin. Stimulants are often taken by students searching to improve in their academics.…
Paracetamol is one of the world’s most beneficial and resourceful analgesic and is widely used in present day. An analgesic, can be defined, as a chemical compound that relieves pain, reduces fever and inflammation. It works by hindering the enzyme cyclooxygenase which acts a catalyst to convert fatty acids to prostaglandins. Prostaglandins cause pain and inflammation to peripheral and central points in the nervous system2. Paracetamol, or Acetaminophen is created by the synthesis and preparation of an amide.…
The regulation of acid and pepsin secretion is associated with a balance of chemo-transmitters delivered to the gastric mucosa by pathways that facilitate stimulation and inhibition. The physiologic stimulation of acid secretion is divided into the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The main component of gastric secretion is HCL which is a product of the parietal cells. The parietal cells are epithelial cells that secrete HCL and essential factors. Parietal cells are located in the gastric glands in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.…