Bourgeois equality of opportunity attempts to erase socially constructed barriers to equality that relegate a person to an inferior status which limits opportunity. Cohen distinguishes between formal and informal social barriers that bourgeois equality of opportunity attempts to correct (2009, p. 14). An example of a formal barrier is a law, such as those during apartheid era South Africa, that places restrictions on individuals based solely on their race. An example of an informal barrier is job discrimination against a woman who may be denied opportunities because of sexist misconceptions about ability, despite legal proscriptions against such practices. Bourgeois equality of opportunity increases equality of opportunity by removing legal and prejudicial social barriers but falls short of achieving true equality. Left-liberal equality of opportunity also removes socially constructed formal and informal barriers, but goes a step farther by addressing barriers of social background, or birth. …show more content…
Advantages of birth might arise from being born into a wealthy family. Children of the rich are less likely to be required to contribute monetarily to the family, allowing them more free time to devote to preparing for higher education. Children of more wealthy parents have the advantage of securing access to elite schools and the ability to pursue expensive, advanced degrees, resources not available to those with less economic assets. Ultimately, children of the wealthy reap a substantial inheritance, yet another enormous advantage that they can then pass on to the next generation, perpetuating and magnifying inequalities. These advantages are not earned, Cohen maintains, but are byproducts of the circumstance of one’s birth and upbringing (2009, p. 16). Left-liberal equality of opportunity adds a redistributive aspect that bourgeois equality of opportunity lacks, and attempts to remove advantages of birth. Ideally, left-liberal equality of opportunity produces a social system where one’s success is determined solely by one’s inherent talent and personal choices, not by any advantage conferred by unearned social status. Socialist equality of opportunity goes yet farther and attempts to remove inequalities that arise from genetic differences, yet another advantage that arises not from choice, but from chance. Socialist equality of opportunity challenges the notion that if a person has a genetic advantage—intelligence, athleticism, etc.—then their economic opportunity should be greater.