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Which type of water is preferred and most commonly used as a vehicle for solutions for oral administration?
Purified Water USP (low cost/ low toxicity)
*Solid residue is <1g/100ml of evaporated sample
Purpose of aromatic/ volatile oils in water?
To mask the taste or smell of an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
Example: peppermint water
How are alcohols (e.g. ethanol, glycerin) used in solutions?
Rarely used on their own. Usually a co-solvent of water.
What are the 4 methods to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs?
1. Use of buffers
2. Co-solvents
3. Surfactants
4. Complexation
How do buffers improve the solubility of drugs?
Buffers adjust and maintain the pH of the solution to keep the drug in its ionized state.
Acidic drugs are formulated under basic conditions, and vice versa for basic drugs.
What are common buffers used?
1. Acetates (acetic acid and sodium acetate)
2. Citrates (citric acid and sodium citrate)
3. Phosphates (sodium phosphate and disodium phosphate)
What is the purpose of a co-solvent?
Help improve solubility of the unionized component of ionizable drugs.
Water miscible organic solvents reduce the polarity of the solvent system.
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