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Austria
- Congress of Vienna gave Austria most of Northern Italy
- Austria controlled most of the individual states:
Lombardy and Venetia directly
Parma, Modena and Tuscany indirectly (ruled by Habsburg leaders who were the family of Austrian rulers)
- Austria didn't want unification of any other country as they were the biggest power at the time
Princes
- Wanting control over their own states
- Monarch would have absolute power in the individual states
Catholic Church
- Papal States cut North from the South
- 1831 - Pope asks for help from Metternich to defeat the rebel government of Italian provinces in the Papal States
- 1848 - The Pope appeals to France, Spain and Naples to free Rome from Mazzini's Roman Republic
- April 1848 - Pope has a complete change of policy. Condemns Italian nationalists and rejects Risorgimento. Refused to allow Papal troops to help drive out Austrians.
- 1849 - Pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce temporal power of papacy.
- 1861 - Catholics were forbidden to have anything to do with the new Kingdom of Italy
- Habsburg family were strongly Catholic
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