The literature I will be focusing on in my analysis is Seth Stoughton’s “Law Enforcement’s ‘Warrior’ Problem”, published in the Harvard Law Review journal on 10 April 2015. Stoughton explains how he believes policing is currently done. Which is with a “warrior” mentality that officers are trained to have and how that mentality negativity shapes how the police view, and interact with, civilians by making the officer view everyone as a threat and ensuring the officer requires unchallenged dominance and respect in every interaction. Stoughton says this has created a divide between police and civilians, which is detrimental to the safety of both police officers and civilians. Stoughton explains how he believes policing should be done, with a “guardian”…
In “Symbolizing crime control," Tim Newburn and Trevor Jones argue that zero tolerance has become a frequent concept in the crime control landscape that has been frequently used by police, politicians and policy makers. The authors suggest that zero tolerance is mostly associated with policing and how zero tolerance is a particular strategy that the police adopted for crime control. Throughout the article, the authors are identifying the key components of zero tolerance and how through the popularity of zero tolerance and how it has been used through its context. In the article, Newburn and Jones begins by addressing the genealogy of zero tolerance.…
The National Association of School Psychologists describes zero tolerance policies as school enforced polices that mandate harsh predetermined punishments; typically involving suspension or expulsion. These polices can be implemented for a wide variety of reasons, but were commonly regarded as a solution to school bullying. Critics and scientific researchers often advice against using these polices, which have been shown to have an adverse effect on students of urban backgrounds. Out-of-school suspensions are statistically proven to deter students from receiving a high school diploma; specifically among minority males. Students who do face suspension and expulsion due to zero tolerance policies are at-risk of being caught in the “school-to-prison pipeline”.…
One important study that was completed on law enforcement practices was the Kansas City Experiment. This experiment was the first large-scale scientific study of law enforcement practices, it was focused on the practice of preventive patrol, and it was sponsored by the Police Foundation (Schmalleger, 2015). In this experiment, areas of Kansas City were separated into three parts. The first part consisted of no change in patrol, the second area doubled the patrol available, and the third part tried a completely different approach to patrolling, which consisted of no patrolling at all (Schmalleger, 2015). The results of this experiment were unexpected.…
When a cop doesn’t bring in many people, it seems as if they are not properly fulfilling their required job. Historic events have set up recent biased racial perception due to past societies discriminating individuals of color. Society progresses towards increased violent behavior due to separation of the races. Crime from one aspect of race results in greater retaliation from other cultures. Stereotyped viewpoints and biased expectation on individuals constructs a redeveloped “Jim Crow” level of social order.…
To begin, the pre-school to prison pipeline is a gateway that directs black children to be incarcerated in the justice system. Schools reinforce harsh tactics to punish black children, as a method of teaching them discipline. According to the U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, “African-American students are three and a half times more likely than their white classmates to be suspended or expelled” (“The School-to-Prison”, Para 9). Educators have biased views towards black preschoolers, treating them as less human than whites, giving black children a discriminatory disadvantage. This includes out of school suspensions for a small misdemeanors.…
Citizens are losing faith in the law, they don’t feel safe anymore. Community see the police as the “enemy”. One of the main reasons for that is the famous “stop and frisks” act, that happened when a police officer is suspicious that someone is carrying a weapon, by that, they have the right to run their hands all over the suspect body to make sure everything is good. The problem with this action is that some police officers use police brutality and use the “stop and frisks” as an excuse. In 2009 there was a case where a police officer named Polanco, was suspended because his Commissioner gave the order to target teenage in their way home from school and he didn’t agreed with that.…
Members of the armed forces sacrifice not only their time, but also their lives serving in extreme stressful situations and remote circumstances in the world. Although these individuals are considered to be one our bravest people in this nation, they are also not immune to the substance use issues that affect the rest of society. U.S. military members are considered to use illicit drug use the least as compared to their civilian counterparts, but the popularity of heavy alcohol and tobacco, prescription drugs, and opioids are increasing in a fast pace. If this is left untreated, then it can often lead to criminal activity and can tragically increase numbers of veterans that are being arrested and entering the criminal justice system. Factors of a Veteran Not Seeking Help…
Zero Tolerance Policies: Creative Minds complies with the Drug Free Workplace Act of 1990 and the Higher Education Act Section 120a. Campus Police officers enforce laws regulating the use of alcoholic beverages and underage drinking. Creative Minds is committed to maintaining a safe and healthy environment. All staff members and administrators are subject to local, state, and federal laws regarding the unlawful possession, distribution or use of alcohol or illegal drugs. Students are not permitted to use, possess, or distribute alcoholic beverages on school grounds, nor be intoxicated.…
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was done in October 1972 through 1973. This experiment was conducted to determine if changes in patrolling had an effect on reducing crime, changing the public perception on police, reducing fear on crime within the community and also to help address the public concerns with the police. The researchers had three types of experiment also known as “beats” the first beat was proactive patrols- where police patrols were visibly increased by two to three times. Some by vehicles. The second beat was Reactive where no routine patrol was available but officers responded to 911 calls.…
As a result, there have been an overwhelming amount of individuals in New York City who have been arrested for minor offenses. As previously stated, most of these individuals cannot afford to make bail in time, so they await their trial in jail. Although the intention is to better the neighborhoods, this strategy of policing has had more negative impact than positive. According to the Communities United for Police Reform organization, the use of broken windows policing (which can be defined as aggressive enforcement of minor non-violent offenses by certain individuals believed to reflect disorder) “has perpetuated the abusive and discriminatory treatment of entire communities” (Communities United for Police Reform, 2012) This is why it is important that the City re-evaluates previous policing strategies and their effects, going…
Provide brief explanations of the major advantages and disadvantages of each of the three policing eras identified. In this module, we have discussed a few eras of policing: The political era, reform era, and the community era. Throughout Canadian history each of them have their place, and pro’s and con’s to each.…
What Are the Issues in Policing? Policing has been around for a very long time in society. Policing is simply the duties and tasks that police officers have to perform to maintain law and order in communities. Polices perform such duties as traffic control, criminal investigation, keeping peace, and other helpful services to citizens. Over time, policing has changed tremendously and has had a great effect on today’s society.…
A later study authored by George Kelling and William Sousa titled Do Police Matter? An Analysis of the Impact of New York City’s Police Reforms “shows that aggressive misdemeanor arrest policies in New York City account for the significant drop in crime during the mid-to late-1990s” (Harcourt, 2005, p. 4). In their study, Kelling and Sousa asserted that based on their research, “the average NYPD precinct during the ten-year period studied could expect to suffer one less violent crime for approximately every 28 additional misdemeanor arrests made” (Harcourt, 2005, p. 18). Finding such success with Broken-Windows Policing, the New York City Police Commissioner, Bill Bratton, has maintained that the preferred order-maintenance policy of stopping people on the street, known as “stop-and-frisk” would “‘remain a very basic tool’ of his department and that he intended for his officers to aggressively enforce the law against low-level offenders to ensure that public places feel safe” (Goldstein,…
The accepted definition of police subculture is described as a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors displayed by those who work in the field of law enforcement. Such values are typically shaped by the experiences that police officers underwent along with many other factors, such as the partners that they worked with, their leaders, and the criminals that they faced. Although, since most of the time that law enforcement officers spend is involved in trying to control crime, it has made the police become wary of the public and has caused them to develop an “us versus them” mindset (Herbert). There is also the “blue curtain” or the “blue wall of silence,” which is something of a code of silence among the police and it only serves…