The common symptoms of periodontal disease that tobacco users develop include: bleeding gingiva during brushing, red, swollen, or tender gingiva, recession, loose teeth, occlusion changes, and bone loss.6 According to the Journal of Periodontology, smoking may be responsible for more than half of the periodontal cases in the United States.8 Bacterial plaque that accumulates subgingivally is the primary factor in periodontal disease.9 Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. When gingivitis remains untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. At this point, bone loss occurs and in some cases, moderate-to-advanced periodontitis can occur causing further destruction of the bone.6 Several studies have shown that the use of tobacco, especially cigarette smoking, has caused an increased prevalence of periodontal …show more content…
This lesion usually appears with multiple red dots which represent dilated and inflamed duct openings. Additionally, sharing a hookah mouth piece has been known to be associated with tuberculosis, herpes, and hepatitis.4 Smokeless tobacco has been strongly associated with the development of oral cancer, specifically leukoplakia.4 Leukoplakia is a white or gray patch that typically develops on the tongue, cheek, or floor of the mouth. Leukoplakia patches can be thickened or hardened in areas, but cannot be scraped or wiped