Describe the information presented in any tables and/or figures. 64% of those surveyed do not use a screen lock, while 39 perfect of those surveyed do not use any protective measures at all. 18. Were enough of the data presented so that you feel you can judge for yourself how the experiment turned out?…
Also, memory schemas can affect eyewitness testimony. For example, as stated in Matlin’s Cognition (2012), past view point or schemas can affect present day perceptions. If an eyewitness consciously or unconsciously believes that a certain group of individual are more violent or are more likely to commit crimes than that schema can cloud their perception of the crime they witnessed. Cognitive psychology has extensive research on why eyewitness testimony is unreliable. Holloway’s argument could have been stronger if she incorporated some findings on eyewitness testimony by cognitive psychologists.…
The term crime cannot be defined easily because it does not have one definition nor two; crime is a concept. Moreover, crime is based on a general notion of ideals formed by society, according to time and place (Friedman, 1993, 6). Society does not imply all individuals, the rich and powerful create the laws that compose certain acts as a crime and are then enforced by law enforcement (Friedman, 1993, 10). Thus, giving law enforcement control and power over all individuals. Their job is to protect and serve within their community.…
Although seen as controversial, Elizabeth Loftus is a strong leader in psychology, specifically in the field of memory. Her discoveries and experiments with false memories and eyewitness testimony have made her very prominent. She has written about her research on faulty memories, explaining the impact it can have on justice and society, as well as individuals. Loftus is most interested in the implications false memories have in the justice system.…
Although our brains have the capability to store a near infinite amount of memories they are not always reliable when it comes to retrieving these memories. Often times when eyewitnesses describe what they saw, their memories are false or unreliable. These accounts are unreliable because of proactive and retroactive interference. The book says that proactive interference is when past memories interfere with the present. This could affect eyewitness accounts because if the eyewitness was in a witness of a crime before, they could mix the two crimes together and possibly accuse the wrong person.…
One of the principals that define the cognitive level of analysis is humans are information processors, and mental processes guide our behavior. Elizabeth Loftus was concerned with how information following an event can affect an eyewitness’s account of an event. She was mainly researching the impact of how questions are worded and why leading questions can “reshape” or change the way we remember a certain event. Her theory was that she could alter a person’s memory of an event by simply presenting it to the participant carefully. Loftus and Palmer (1974) tested the way the wording of questions and information subsequent to a certain event can change the way someone remembers it with a video and a leading, carefully worded questions.…
Furthermore, Loftus observes that a simple insinuation that an individual was witnessed in a particular act can cause the individual to admit to the act when in fact they are guiltless. The article emphasizes that “false memories” can be constructed when there is anxiety caused by demands to recall an event, coercion to imagine an event when difficulty in transporting the recollection to conscious awareness is experienced, and direction to discount a recalled event as being true or false. Conversely, the author shows this compilation of data does not negate or find every recollection inspired by promptings, fictitious. The article conveys that verification of events and recollections is imperative. Loftus confirms that investigation into the vulnerability and immunity of individuals regarding implanted memories needs to continue.…
The supporting arguments used in this article to support the thesis, as mentioned above are the four hypotheses that are stated regarding false recall and recognition. The…
In the Radiolab podcast “Outside Westgate” and the article “Why Our Memory Fails Us” by Christopher F. Chabris and Daniel J. Simons, the topic of memories are discussed in both of the works. Unreliable memories can affect our court system and the people involved in the trials. In our society, criminals are tried in court more often than not and the courts require eyewitness testimony from people at to scene of the crime to help convict the person being tried. However, most trials don’t happen immediately after the crime and it could take up to a year or even longer.…
She has assisted the judicial system in learning all about all of the flaws in eye-witness testimony. Her work has become very important in recducing chances of people being falsely accused of something they did not do. Loftus believes that people can develop a false memory; yet many other psychologists disagree with her. They believe that people have trouble retrieving their memories and that is why there is difficulties. These differences have resulted in many different studies being created.…
The constructive nature of memory is one of the reasons for the unreliability of eyewitness testimonies. The human brain does not record all the things that people see around them. Instead, the brain collects different pieces of information that are relevant to the situation. Consequently, eyewitness accounts may be flawed because as the brain attempts to reconstruct different bits of information, it might omit vital details (OpenStax College, 2016). The scenario is better understood when comparing human recollection to playing a video recording.…
My memories are my own to explore, to learn from, to play with and shape. The subjectivity of memory by all means supports the claim that our memory is an unreliable way of knowing. As part of her research into the reliability of memory that she mentions in the TED talk, Loftus discovered how easily memories can be created and investigated the ways in which memories could be modified by techniques of…
Our experiment examined how modality and word type could affect false recall in a word list paradigm. Manipulating modality (auditory and visual presentation) and word type (concrete and abstract) has never been studied in relation to false recall. We predicted that the word lists that were presented aurally and/or contained concrete terms would show higher rates of false recall for the critical lure words. Approximately, 24 undergraduate students took part in the study. The participants were presented with 12 word lists that were associated with 6 concrete lures, and 6 abstract lures.…
Memory is the encoding, storage and retrieval of past events and experiences, it is present in the short term memory store and then transferred to the long term memory store. The retrieval of memory isn’t always accurate as memories become distorted over time. The distortion of these memories are due to some influencing factors such as language, age, reconstructive errors and emotion. Taking all these factors into consideration leads to the point that memory is only to some extent reliable. Language plays a big role in how we remember, language is used to convey how we remembered the event but it is also a influence on how we remembered the event.…
Memories of the initial event can be effected by events and suggestions that occurred afterwards also known as post event misinformation effect (Gerry et al, 2005). The particular way in which a question was asked, the type of feedback given, social pressure to do the right thing, and the time delay between the event and the testimony can all affect accurate information (Matlin, 2012). The relationship between eyewitness memory and recall is minimal. A person may appear confident in their memories, but actual recall of events is lacking.…