It is described as a set of views that are directed towards the existent relationship between mind and matter. The major claim upon which it is based is that mental phenomena are physical in certain circumstances. Mind-body dualism in this case or the mind-body duality affirms that claim. This implies that the mind and body are two different entities and that they are separable and distinct. Plato and Aristotle both shared the view of the existence of multiple souls; with this view is the hierarchical arrangement of creatures that corresponds with the various functions that the creatures; plants, animals and people. To the two philosophers; the three share a nutritive soul of growth and metabolism as well as a soul of pain that is regarded as perspective as well as pleasure and desire; that only animals and people share and lastly the faculty of reason that is present and is unique to humans. Dualism is closely associated with Rene Descartes view that the mind is non-physical in nature and is non-spatial as well. He further suggests that the brain is the seat of intelligence and the mind can easily be identified when consciousness and self-awareness are present. There are various types of dualism such as ontological dualism which makes deal commitments about the nature of existence the similar way it related to both mind and matter. It is through the subdivision of ontological dualism that substance dualism, property dualism and predicate …show more content…
Alienation can either be experienced individually or as a response mechanism to certain events or situations in the society. The feeling of alienation at an individual level can stem from the loss of a charismatic group leader or the discovery that a particular person that one looked up to has serious shortcomings. Personal events include the loss or change of a job, the death of a loved one, divorce or being forced to leave home for the very first time. Social and cultural beliefs also play an important role in bringing about or averting the feeling of alienation. This is because the society is constantly undergoing rapid changes that have posed challenges to traditional values and behavioral standards leaving most people with very minimal sources from where they can draw their belief from which makes it difficult for them to construct a reality that they can comfortably embrace and fit in. Psychologists help people to cope with feelings of alienation by developing specific exercises for them and further going ahead to design specific tasks to help these people become more active and engaged in the society. There has been a proposition that as opposed to individual solutions to the feelings of alienation, social solutions should be fostered especially among young people that have been greatly affected. The idea of communitarianism is one such social solution. It includes the return