Odds ratios (ORs) for this model with the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were computed. Allele frequencies were assessed by counting alleles and calculating sample proportions. The allelic frequency distributions in the control and case groups were compared by the Pearson chi-squared test. In each group the allele distribution was checked for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using an exact test. The haplotypic association between the genes was constructed with the help of SNP version 2.0 software .Statistical…
The Innocence Project was founded in 1992 by Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld. They created the Innocence Project to help wrongfully accused people get out of jail. They looked at cases where people were wrongfully incarcerated and through DNA, try to help them regain their freedom that they deserve. Their mission statement is “to free the staggering number of innocent people who remain incarcerated, and to bring reform to the system responsible for their unjust imprisonment”. Since the Innocence Project Started, they have so far released 342 wrongfully committed people from jail who on average spent about 14 years in jail for a crime that they did not commit.…
Introduction The American history is full of racial discrimination against the black people. Although, through the 18th century and pass of Civil Right Bill in the nineties, we find endeavors to reduce bias in the society. The reality is otherwise. The matter of the fact is that the article, “A presumption of Guilt” by Bryan Stevenson, highlights the pathetic picture of the American society and its criminal justice system. The central claim of this article is that American police and justice given authorities presume the black young people as surly convicts of crimes.…
Question 1. What were the main findings of the ENCODE project? Only a small percent of the 3.2 Gb human genome encodes for genes but much of the remainder was chalked up a junk. However, the ENCODE project suggests that up to 80% of the genome consist of various active regulatory, and structurally significant regions. Question 2.…
DATABASES 1. Assembly Assembly database is needed to provide a systematic organization of genome. To accomplish that, the genome is fragmented into small pieces and is sequenced for many times to try to recreate the set of chromosome sequences. This database provides a unique tracker in form of accession so that users can identify changes to an assembly in precise locations whenever needed. There are two different types of assembly updates which are major release and minor release.…
The PPI network based gene prioritization can be defined as follows. In a PPI network G(V, E), calculate a score for each node vϵV based on the probability of v to be associated with a given disease of interest D using prior information about the disease. This prior information is represented as seed set S which contains genes known to be associated with D or diseases similar to D. The candidate set C is the set of all genes that has to be prioritized, and are extracted from the chromosomal regions provided by linkage or genome wide association studies. Genes in the candidate set are sorted and then ranked in the increasing order of the calculated score. Higher ranked genes are supposed to be most likely to cause disease D.\\…
Did you know there is an average of 20,000-25,000 genes per one single chromosome? And one change or shortage in such a minute item can cause a major condition, disease, disorder and even cancer. Chromosomes seven - twelve have large number of gene pairs and genes that are roughly the following; chromosome 7 spans about 159 million DNA base pairs and likely contains 900 to 1,000 genes, chromosome 8 spans more than 146 million DNA base pairs, and likely contains about 700 genes, chromosome 9 is made up of about 141 million DNA base pairs and likely contains 800 to 900 genes, chromosome 10 spans more than 135 million DNA base pairs and likely contains 700 to 800 genes, chromosome 11 spans about 135 million DNA base pairs and likely contains…
Scientific experiments and observations have led to many discoveries, which in turn have allowed scientists to develop a better understanding on the way diseases originate in humans. Molecular biology in particular has allowed scientists to discover the way in which domains, found in proteins impact a genome. Domains are autonomous folding units that carry out specific functions and mechanisms in a certain protein. These functions consist of being responsible for interactions in the cell, which ultimately determines the role of the protein. Domains found in proteins can develop independently which in turn can change the role of the protein.…
Differential alternative splicing human tissue network analysis of GUK1 Result Figure 4.12: Visualisation of alternative splicing gene GUK1 in human tissues. Differential alternative splicing genes between two different tissues comparison were shown on a different visualisation platform and tools in comparison with network analysis. (A) rMATS analysis. Histogram shows inclusion level ψ, per sample for each tissue comparisons. In this case, only exon 3 found as statistically alternative splicing significance of skipped exon (SE) in both tissue comparisons; heart vs. liver and brain vs. liver.…
Validation of interactions We evaluated the robustness of gene-gene interactions in SRG network based on 10-fold cross validation and frequency of their presence in the inferred networks. We hypothesized that if an interaction between pairs of genes is strongly supported by the data, its inference should not be strongly effected by a slightly different training data set. As results, most of interactions in the network of SRGs ranked as highly stable (Figure 5) (Supplementary file 2, Table 3).…
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Due to bacterial infection, periodontal tissues become inflamed, and are slowly destroyed by the action of the inflammatory process. If the disease is left untreated, teeth lose their ligamentous support to the alveolar bone, alveolar bone itself is resorbed, and the teeth become mobile and are finally lost.1 Traditionally, periodontitis was thought to be strictly environmental in origin. Despite this belief, it was recognized that only a portion of the variability of disease in the population could be explained by environmental factors alone. In a classic study of the natural history of periodontitis, Loe etal found that among individuals with poor oral hygiene and no access to dental care, some developed disease at a rapid rate, whereas others experienced little or no…
Genome-Wide Mapping of in Vivo Protein-DNA Interactions Vast knowledge is available on transcription factor binding. Unfortunately, not much is known about the structure and function of complete DNA interactomes. Even less is known about organisms with larger genomes. Presently mouse, human, and other large genomes have been sequenced.…
Lymphoma Ryan Jones Mr. Reeves Biology Honors April 24, 2018 Introduction Lymphoma is the name of a diverse group of cancers of the lymphatic system, a connecting network of glands, organs and vessels whose principle cell is the lymphocyte. Lymphoma originated from new Latin, dating back to 1870-75; lymph-,-oma. When lymphoma occurs, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormally. They divide too rapidly and grow without any order or control. Too much tissue is formed and tumors begin to grow. Because there is lymph tissue in many parts of the body, the cancer cells may involve the liver, spleen, or bone marrow.…
The causes of cancer are observed as multifactorial. This is because there are several traits causing cancer such as genetic, environmental, medical and lifestyle factors. However the knowledge of cancer is rapidly improving, helping everyone to understand and be able to identify at risk individuals, tailoring treatment and developing new methods against cancer.(cancer.gov,2015) Genetic information includes information about an individual’s genes including the manifestation of a disease in the family members medical history. By being able to identify medical history of the family we are able to see if the individual is at moderate or high risk of cancer.…
After reading a novel such as Atonement, one is forced to question oneself, one’s past mistakes, what one did in an attempt to right one’s wrongdoings and whether or not one’s efforts will be enough. Guilt and regret can often fill oneself after making such mistake and in an effort to rid oneself of the guilt, often an apology is made to the one the wrongdoing was made against. However, amendments are not always enough; apologies do not erase scars and often times, not even the guilt from the committed sin can be washed away completely. Briony Tallis herself struggled her entire life with not only the internal guilt she felt but the desire to atone her mistake with her sister. In the flash of a moment, Briony does not realize that her actions…