Reduction involves increasing the number of carbon hydrogen bonds by adding hydrogen across a double or triple bond which results in an increase in electron density at the carbon atom. Organic functional groups containing double and triple bonds which undergo reduction are unsaturated. The reduction of the double bond by addition of hydrogen atoms results in the product being fully saturated. Metal hydride reducing agents that have different reactivities toward specific functional groups are commonly used in chemical reductions.…
The citric acid cycle produces energy by the oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ATP 3, 5, 7. Acetyl CoA can be synthesised from carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids.1, 5, 7. Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes oxidation and decarboxylation by the multi enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase to produce acetyl CoA. 7, 8, 10. The citric acid cycle also provides carbon skeletons for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, cholesterol, haeme and other molecules that are vital for survival. 1, 5, 6,…
Furosemide is a medication known as a loop diuretic (Allen, 2013). A diuretic is a medication which increases the amount of urine that passes out from the kidneys and they are often referred to as water tablets. It works by eliminating water and salt from the body through urination. In the kidneys, salt and water are filtered out of the blood and into the tubules of the kidney to the Glomerulus (Waugh and Grant, 2014), making the filtered fluid into urine (Omudhome, 2014). The sodium, chloride and water that are filtered out of the blood is then reabsorbed back into the blood before being eliminated as urine (Omudhome, 2014).…
High Fructose Corn Syrup What do Oreos, Wonderbread, Sprite, Heinz Ketchup, and Mott’s Applesauce have in common? They all contain high fructose corn syrup. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) sounds natural, since it uses the words “fructose” and “corn,” and seeing as the refiners want it to be called “corn sugar.” However, HFCS is not natural, and not good for consumption because it leads to obesity and other high risk health factors.…
Fexofenadine is a non-sedating, long-acting second genaration antihistamine, it is a metabolite of terfenadine and a piperidine type antihistamine. 7 placebo-controlled, double-blind were recognized that have assessed the efficacy of fexofenadine.in chronic urticaria (table 1). the large number of patients included (a total of 1894 subjects) and the number of studies done makes it in the treatment of chronic urticaria the best studied second-generation antihistamine. Fexofenadine has been examined in an assortment of doses for chronic urticaria. Examining fexofenadine 20 mg, 60 mg, 180 mg, and 240 mg, 2 large multicenter studies found dosages of twice daily 60mg and greater to be better than twice daily 20mg dosage.…
Sodium entry is accompanied by water leading to more cell swelling. Additionally, an intracellular Ca2+ overload, together with oxidative stress, activates a set of enzyme capable of producing Nitric Oxide, substance behind astrocytes swelling and destruction of cells structures. NO actions are strictly connected to CNS disorders. Another effect of toxic ammonia is the inhibition of the key enzyme alpha-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase -which takes part in the tricarbolxylic acid cycle and is responsible for the oxidative deamination of glutamate to ammonium and ketoglutarate-, with consequential decrement of substrate 2-oxoglutarate availability. The latter is necessary for the Citric acid cycle and ATP production.…
Decades ago 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) was introduced as a weight loss drug acting as an agent that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation causing significant increase in basal metabolic rate. However, the consumption of the product has resulted in many deaths due to misuse causing adverse effects such as hyperthermia, tachycardia, diaphoresis and tachypnea. The rate of metabolism is closely linked to the rate of respiration; therefore, if metabolism is increasing there should also be an increase in carbon dioxide because for every molecule of oxygen that is consumed, a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced. Dinitrophenol is able to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and stimulate systemic oxygen consumption (Rognstad and Katz 1969) which would…
This thesis focuses on the laboratory studies conducted to study the kinetics and mechanism of gas phase reactions of chlorine atoms and the six difluorotoluene isomers. The experimental designs and instrument settings for the procedures are described in Chapter 2. All experiments were conducted in an isolated Pyrex glass reaction cell and reactions were driven by formation of chlorine atoms through photolysis. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) and the relative rate method was used to determine the chlorine atoms relative rate constants of the reactions. The reaction mechanism was elucidated by identification of the reaction products and kinetic isotope effect measurements using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry…
Choice “C” is the best answer. It is important to administer a luminal amebicidal agent to eradicate the intestinal carriage after the amebic liver abscess has been treated with tissue amebicides, such as albendazole. Failure to use luminal agents can lead to relapse of infection in approximately 10% of patients. Luminal agents with proven efficacy include diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, and paromomycin. Diloxanide furoate is free of major adverse effects.…
Pharmacodynamics refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects (Ashp.org, 2015). Folic acid is required as a one-carbon donator in the de novo synthesis of nucleoproteins and in maintaining sufficient erythropoiesis. Co-factors of folic acid in the form of tetrahydrofolate participate in transformation reactions, with one of these essential reactions producing deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), one of three enzymes involved in the synthesis of thymidine, a nucleic acid of DNA. This reaction is achieved by thymidylate synthase catalyzing the transfer of the one-carbon unit of N5, N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to…
Discussion: The specific purpose for this study was to see how enzyme activity would change as there was a change in temperature and pH. Both temperature and pH were hypothesized to have an affect on enzyme activity. Each had an optimal temperature. At this point, the rate of enzyme activity would stop increasing and begin to decrease. For temperature, it was hypothesized that the optimal temperature would be 48°C.…
The main purpose of anti-cancer drugs is to fight cancer cells. Cancer is a larger group of diseases that only have one thing in common that is abnormal cells growing at of control. While the growths of cells are very controlled, that is the opposite case with cancer. But with cancer the cell cycles are disrupted and the cells then divide causing them to multiply enabling a mass of cells called tumors. Benign and malignant are the two types of tumors.…
It is said that every student has a college that specifically fits them and I see the Weinberg school of Arts and Science to be that college for me. I see this notion as an enzyme-substrate complex where I see myself as the substrate, which is the compound that forms the products, and the university as the enzyme that helps students in achieving their goals. The unique part of this complex is that only a particular enzyme can bind to a specific substrate. And I feel the same way with the university.…
Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether the temperature can affect the reaction rate of enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was measured by five different temperatures, separated in tubes which later got measured by their height of foam after 10 minutes. Freshly-prepared potato juice was used as the enzyme for catalase. Since temperature is measured by the kinetic energy of molecules, the higher the temperature, the more movement of molecules.…
In order to evaluate the efficiency of RAPD-PCR fingerprinting for Cajanus cajan L. cultivar, the DNA templates for 7 RAPD primers banding modality were used. The total number of magnified fragments in the Cajanus cajan L. cultivar value of each primer was represented in Table 2. Total of 18 bands were obtained for all primers. The size of the amplified bands was ranged between 1000 bp and 300 bp. Primers OP-A5, OP-B4, OP-B9, OP-C5 and OP-E15 showed at least three specific fragments.…