The two solutions were combined in a microwave tube and put in the microwave for 30 minutes at 80oC. The solvent was evaporated under reduced…
7. Re-extract the aqueous layer in the separatory funnel with a new portion of acetone (10mL). Swirl the phases together as described in step 5. Combined the second acetone extract with the first in the 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask.…
In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether the equatorial or axial orientation of the hydroxy group was favored. The setup of the Cold-Finger, and the ability of norborneol to sublime readily allowed for the purification of the crude product to obtain the diastereomeric products exo- and endo-norborneol.…
This was confirmed by the values obtained from the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. The experiment involved the use of calorimetry and Hess’s Law to calculate the molar enthalpy of dehydration. An important improvement to increase the accuracy of the data would be to use a digital thermometer with shorter intervals in recording the data, especially when the reaction is occurring. This would improve identifying the true final temperature of the system. Another improvement would be to use a calorimeter that better retains heat.…
One of the proposed ways to improve the separation of the two chemicals was to increase the volume of methanol used to elute in this step1.…
Then, the sodium bicarbonate deprotonates the oxygen, which makes the oxygen neutral and forms pinacolone as the product. A technique that was used in this experiment was a distillation, which is a method for separating mixtures, in this case, based on boiling points. Since the components used (water and pinacol solution) are immiscible, each component acts independently, the boiling point of the mixture should be below the boiling point of the lowest boiling component.2 The boiling point of water is 100C while the boiling point of pinacol is 106C, so the distillation was stopped at 100C. An aqueous layer and a pinacolone layer are formed. The bottom layer is the aqueous layer because the density of pinacolone is 0.801 g/mL while…
However, they were obtained in very low recovery rates, 24%, 25%, and 40% respectively, and better measures should be taken to prevent loss of recovery. Errors in extraction and isolation could be at fault and human error in measurements may be to blame as…
Fractional distillation is a common method for separating components of a mixture by utilizing their boiling points to aid in the separation. As a mixture is heated, the component with the lower boiling point in the mixture vaporize, while the higher boiling point component will remain in solution. These vapors will rise to a cooler area where they will condense and this liquid will then be collected; this is known as the distillate. Eventually, the lower boiling component will boil off, and the higher boiling point component will begin to travel up into the condenser as the temperature reaches the boiling point of the second component. As the second distillate is collected, it will mostly contain the higher-boiling component.…
Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to understand acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes through the formation of exo-norborneol from the reaction of Norborene with acid and the excess of water. Acid-catalyzed hydration is useful in removing double and triple bonds; an unsaturated compound becomes reduced to a saturated compound in the presence of the acid catalyst, or water for this experiment. Hydration of alkenes is the result of acid-catalyzed addition of water to a carbon-carbon double bond. This leads to the formation of an alcohol.…
Discussion There were four goals for Project 11: Identification, Properties, and Synthesis of an Unknown Ionic Compound. The first goal was to identify the unknown compound, the second goal was to determine the reactivity of the compound, the third goal was to determine the quantitative solubility of the compound in water, and the fourth goal was to find the percent yield of a product from a reaction involving the unknown compound. Determining the identity of the unknown compound was achieved by performing a variety of tests for the physical properties of the substance. Some of these properties, such as melting point and chemical structure, could be discovered by making a few immediate observations of the substance. The unknown compound…
Three criteria must be met for this phenomenon to occur: the compound to be purified must be soluble in a relatively hot solvent, the compound to be purified must be…
Set up fractional distillation and attach the round bottom flask with the mixture, and heat over a heating mantle. An ice bath was placed under the receiving flask of the fractional distillation set up. The distillation product was collected from 60°C to 28°C. At the last drop the heating mantle was unplugged and removed and the receiving flask was weighed. 2 teaspoons of anhydrous sodium sulfate were added and swirled until the water was removed and the product was ‘dried’.…
In particular, there was a significant amount of drying agent added which may have resulted in the loss of some product. As well, some product was lost in the removal of the product from the drying agent and during the distillation because of incomplete transfer. In addition, some was also likely lost through draining along with the aqueous phase during the washes and extractions. Improving the efficiency of these could increase the yield of the product by causing less…
Gravimetric Analysis of a Metal Carbonate Purpose The purpose of this lab is to find the mass of an unknown metal by conducting a double-displacement precipitation reaction, which is our gravimetric analysis. Once we find the precipitate mass, we can then find the molar mass by using the molar ratio given in the reaction equation. Procedure First, we set up the ring stand with a Bunsen burner, put a crucible on top of the pipe stem triangle and heated the crucible for a minute, then let it cool down.…
Cool water was placed into the calorimeter and its temperature recorded, while an equal weight of water was heated to 35.3 ⁰C. The heated water was immediately poured into the water in the calorimeter and the temperature was recorded. The water equivalent of the calorimeter could then be calculated. Approximately 100 g of cool distilled water was placed into the calorimeter and the initial temperature recorded. Solid sodium sulphate decahydrate crystals of 4.00 g were added to the water in the calorimeter and stirred until it dissolved.…